NURS 5140- Advanced
pathophysiology Final
Exam Questions All Answered
Correctly (2025-2026) Updated.
primary intervention - Answer removes risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - Answer immunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - Answer detecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - Answer pap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - Answer preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of
disease
examples of tertiary interventions - Answer beta blockers following MI, chemo, radiation
homeostasis - Answer property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal
conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability of the human
body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - Answer cellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - Answer protein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - Answer site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - Answer packages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion; produces
lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - Answer cellular digestion
cytoskeleton - Answer filaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit movement
, types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - Answer hypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical agents,
microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances
how does hypoxia affect cells? - Answer causes cellular swelling, local or generalized release
of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - Answer damage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - Answer humoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - Answer utilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - Answer (1) antigen phagocytosed by macrophage,
(2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells enlarge and differentiate
into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - Answer memory B cells respond to subsequent
antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - Answer exposure to antigen presented by macrophages cause
antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated T-cells
continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an antigen and
destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - Answer bone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - Answer thymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - Answer epithelial barriers, phagocytic
cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory response
natural killer (NK) cells - Answer T-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate immunity;
identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - Answer amplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9 interacting
components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination, neutralization, chemotaxis,
mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory effects
pathophysiology Final
Exam Questions All Answered
Correctly (2025-2026) Updated.
primary intervention - Answer removes risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - Answer immunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - Answer detecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - Answer pap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - Answer preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of
disease
examples of tertiary interventions - Answer beta blockers following MI, chemo, radiation
homeostasis - Answer property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal
conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability of the human
body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - Answer cellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - Answer protein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - Answer site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - Answer packages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion; produces
lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - Answer cellular digestion
cytoskeleton - Answer filaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit movement
, types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - Answer hypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical agents,
microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances
how does hypoxia affect cells? - Answer causes cellular swelling, local or generalized release
of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - Answer damage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - Answer humoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - Answer utilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - Answer (1) antigen phagocytosed by macrophage,
(2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells enlarge and differentiate
into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - Answer memory B cells respond to subsequent
antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - Answer exposure to antigen presented by macrophages cause
antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated T-cells
continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an antigen and
destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - Answer bone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - Answer thymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - Answer epithelial barriers, phagocytic
cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory response
natural killer (NK) cells - Answer T-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate immunity;
identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - Answer amplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9 interacting
components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination, neutralization, chemotaxis,
mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory effects
