PAPER 3 16 MARKERS PSYCH EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT!
, Discuss how gender bias has been presented in psychology - ANSWER AO1 gender
bias (standardised procedure, institutional sexism), alpha (exaggerating or
overestimating differences), beta (minimising differences, misrepresentation)
AO3 Wilson '75 human attraction= survival efficiency (men want sex to pass on genes,
women want commitment), over-exaggerating differences, supports and evidences false
narratives through alpha bias
AO3 Shelley Taylor (2000)- challenged fight or flight, suggesting females have tend or
befriend due to maternal instincts/social norms meaning they're more likely to be caring,
demonstrates how previous research fails to account for differences, supporting beta
bias
AO3 Research that's published is more likely to be catered to men due to patriarchal
society prioritising male researchers and male-centred research. Hence gender bias
from society inflicted on how much gender bias seen in research published,
Discuss culture bias in psychology - ANSWER AO1 cultural bias (ignore cultural
differences), ethnocentrism (belief in superiority in your own culture, causing
prejudice/discrimination), imposed etics (when behaviour specific to one culture is
applied to all), cultural relativism (the idea that norms/values can only be meaningful in
specific social/cultural contexts)
AO3 individualistic vs collectivist cultures too simple- Takano & Osaka '99 found 14/15
studies found no distinction between USA and Japan, culture bias not as relevant?
AO3 emergence of cultural psychology (greater use of research conducted within a
culture by people belonging to it), encourage cross-cultural (identify variations in
cultures) and encourage transcultural (identify similarities). BUT communication barrier?
Not an issue if dedicated enough.
AO3 cultural psychology reduces culture bias by reducing ethnic stereotyping and
challenging Western ideas
Discuss idiographic and nomothetic approaches in psychology - ANSWER AO1
idiographic (unique experience, case studies, interviews, humanistic, psychodynamic)
Nomothetic (laws of behaviour, scientific, stats, behaviourism, biological)
AO3 idiographic- focus on human experience BUT no predictions and not scientific
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT!
, Discuss how gender bias has been presented in psychology - ANSWER AO1 gender
bias (standardised procedure, institutional sexism), alpha (exaggerating or
overestimating differences), beta (minimising differences, misrepresentation)
AO3 Wilson '75 human attraction= survival efficiency (men want sex to pass on genes,
women want commitment), over-exaggerating differences, supports and evidences false
narratives through alpha bias
AO3 Shelley Taylor (2000)- challenged fight or flight, suggesting females have tend or
befriend due to maternal instincts/social norms meaning they're more likely to be caring,
demonstrates how previous research fails to account for differences, supporting beta
bias
AO3 Research that's published is more likely to be catered to men due to patriarchal
society prioritising male researchers and male-centred research. Hence gender bias
from society inflicted on how much gender bias seen in research published,
Discuss culture bias in psychology - ANSWER AO1 cultural bias (ignore cultural
differences), ethnocentrism (belief in superiority in your own culture, causing
prejudice/discrimination), imposed etics (when behaviour specific to one culture is
applied to all), cultural relativism (the idea that norms/values can only be meaningful in
specific social/cultural contexts)
AO3 individualistic vs collectivist cultures too simple- Takano & Osaka '99 found 14/15
studies found no distinction between USA and Japan, culture bias not as relevant?
AO3 emergence of cultural psychology (greater use of research conducted within a
culture by people belonging to it), encourage cross-cultural (identify variations in
cultures) and encourage transcultural (identify similarities). BUT communication barrier?
Not an issue if dedicated enough.
AO3 cultural psychology reduces culture bias by reducing ethnic stereotyping and
challenging Western ideas
Discuss idiographic and nomothetic approaches in psychology - ANSWER AO1
idiographic (unique experience, case studies, interviews, humanistic, psychodynamic)
Nomothetic (laws of behaviour, scientific, stats, behaviourism, biological)
AO3 idiographic- focus on human experience BUT no predictions and not scientific
