COMMON DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN
ACUTE CARE FINAL CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Frank-Starling Law and Cardiovascular Hemodynamics (6
components) Answer: 1. Heart rate
-The number of heartbeats per minute.
2. Preload
-The volume of blood in the left atrium at the end of diastole
determines the amount of blood the left ventricle will pump.
3. Afterload
-The amount of pressure that the heart must pump against during
systole. The more resistance, the less blood that is pumped into the
circulation.
4. Contractility
-The heart's intrinsic contractile ability (the force of the pump).
5. Stroke volume
-The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole.
6. Cardiac output
-The amount of blood that is pumped through the circulation in one
minute.
,◉ symptoms of hyponatremia? Answer: headache
nausea & vomiting
fatigue or loss of energy
dizziness
orthostatic hypotension
muscle cramps and weakness
tachycardia
confusion
convulsions
coma
death
◉ dx & tx of hyponatremia Answer: Management begins with
determining the cause and involves a multi-step process. Serum
osmolality is required to distinguish between isotonic, hypotonic, or
hypertonic hyponatremia.
◉ isotonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
-280-285 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs
, -Pseudohyponatremia-
-Body water is normal; patient is asymptomatic
Underlying Condition
-Occurs with extreme hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia
Treatment
-Cut down on fat and proteins, do not restrict fluids
◉ hypotonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
< 280 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs, Underlying Condition, & Treatment
Need to further assess volume status and urine sodium
◉ hypertonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
> 285 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs
-Body fluid deficit-Clinical signs arise from water deficit
Underlying Condition
ACUTE CARE FINAL CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION SCRIPT 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Frank-Starling Law and Cardiovascular Hemodynamics (6
components) Answer: 1. Heart rate
-The number of heartbeats per minute.
2. Preload
-The volume of blood in the left atrium at the end of diastole
determines the amount of blood the left ventricle will pump.
3. Afterload
-The amount of pressure that the heart must pump against during
systole. The more resistance, the less blood that is pumped into the
circulation.
4. Contractility
-The heart's intrinsic contractile ability (the force of the pump).
5. Stroke volume
-The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole.
6. Cardiac output
-The amount of blood that is pumped through the circulation in one
minute.
,◉ symptoms of hyponatremia? Answer: headache
nausea & vomiting
fatigue or loss of energy
dizziness
orthostatic hypotension
muscle cramps and weakness
tachycardia
confusion
convulsions
coma
death
◉ dx & tx of hyponatremia Answer: Management begins with
determining the cause and involves a multi-step process. Serum
osmolality is required to distinguish between isotonic, hypotonic, or
hypertonic hyponatremia.
◉ isotonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
-280-285 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs
, -Pseudohyponatremia-
-Body water is normal; patient is asymptomatic
Underlying Condition
-Occurs with extreme hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia
Treatment
-Cut down on fat and proteins, do not restrict fluids
◉ hypotonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
< 280 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs, Underlying Condition, & Treatment
Need to further assess volume status and urine sodium
◉ hypertonic hyponatremia Answer: Serum Osmolality
> 285 mOsm/kg
Clinical Signs
-Body fluid deficit-Clinical signs arise from water deficit
Underlying Condition
