MCN 538 MODULE 1 COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW 2026 VERIFIED SOLUTION SET
◉ what are some PMS Complementary & Alternative Therapies?
Answer: Minerals (Mg, Ca, Chromium, Zn), Vitamins (B6,
multivitamin, E), Herbs (evening primrose, chasteberry, St. John's
Wort, Ginkgo Biloba), increased physical activity, nutritional
changes, relaxation therapies.
◉ what are some herbs used to treat Primary Dysmenorrhea?
Answer: - Dong Quai: inhibits uterine contractions, prostaglandin
synthesis, anticoagulant properties; AE: bloating, appetite loss,
possible antithrombotic/progesterone effects; caution with
warfarin/HRT/OC or estrogen-dependent tumors. - Cramp Bark &
Black Haw
*Cramp bark: Hot water infusion of the bark from cramp bark, Hx of
relieving menstrual cramps in the US, Smooth muscle relaxant
properties in animals, Proanthocyanidins in the fruit have
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, & vasodilating activities
- Black Haw: Used for menstrual cramps, In vitro studies in rabbits
have shown smooth muscle relaxing effects, No clinical studies have
been done in humans
- Rose Hips: Used to treat dysmenorrhea in eastern cultures
,- Guava: Popular Mexican phytomedicine rx for the treatment of
dysmenorrhea, Primary action is antispasmodic, Also has
antioxidant & anti-inflammatory activity, Distinct advantage: Does
not have the adverse GI SE like w/ NSAIDs
- Other Herbs for Dysmenorrhea:
o False unicorn: Native American's used in 19th century to treat
dysmenorrhea
o Black cohosh & chasteberry: treat dysmenorrhea but no studies
documenting safety or effectiveness
◉ Hormonal Treatments and CNS Targeting Agents for PMS
Answer: CHCs: prevent ovulation, may not prevent mood changes.
Progesterone: sedative effect in high doses; mixed effectiveness.
CNS: SSRIs most commonly used.
◉ Adolescent Development Erikson
Answer: Identity vs Role Confusion (early adolescents), Intimacy vs
Isolation (early adulthood); overlap may persist into early
adulthood.
◉ what should you know about Adolescent Informed Consent?
Answer: Adults 18+ give consent. Minors may consent to certain
OB/GYN services vary.... consent to contraception may or may not be
included; Title X requires minors can consent to funded services. so
even if a state law saws the child needs parental consent, if its a title
, x funded clinic, the adolescent can make their own choice and the
clinic will not notify the parents o 21 states & DC - ALL minors are
explicitly allowed to consent to contraceptive services
o Additional 25 states - minors CAN provide their own consent for
contraception under certain circumstances
o Only 4 states have no explicit policy
◉ Pelvic Exam Indications in Adolescents
Answer: - these may be indicated: general exam, visual breast exam,
external pelvic exam is more typical
- internal exam if abnormal bleeding, discharge, abdominal/pelvic
pain; - initiation of OCs does NOT require exam. - G/C screening
should be done using nucleic acid amplication techniques
- Urine sample or vaginal swab specimen that is obtained by the pt
- Vaginal swabs are more sensitive than urine tests
- Both are acceptable to young pts
· PAP smear for cervical cancer screening is NOT RECOMMENDED
UNTIL AGE 21
◉ G/C Screening in Adolescents is done how?
Answer: NAAT recommended; urine or vaginal swab; swabs more
sensitive; both acceptable.
REVIEW 2026 VERIFIED SOLUTION SET
◉ what are some PMS Complementary & Alternative Therapies?
Answer: Minerals (Mg, Ca, Chromium, Zn), Vitamins (B6,
multivitamin, E), Herbs (evening primrose, chasteberry, St. John's
Wort, Ginkgo Biloba), increased physical activity, nutritional
changes, relaxation therapies.
◉ what are some herbs used to treat Primary Dysmenorrhea?
Answer: - Dong Quai: inhibits uterine contractions, prostaglandin
synthesis, anticoagulant properties; AE: bloating, appetite loss,
possible antithrombotic/progesterone effects; caution with
warfarin/HRT/OC or estrogen-dependent tumors. - Cramp Bark &
Black Haw
*Cramp bark: Hot water infusion of the bark from cramp bark, Hx of
relieving menstrual cramps in the US, Smooth muscle relaxant
properties in animals, Proanthocyanidins in the fruit have
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, & vasodilating activities
- Black Haw: Used for menstrual cramps, In vitro studies in rabbits
have shown smooth muscle relaxing effects, No clinical studies have
been done in humans
- Rose Hips: Used to treat dysmenorrhea in eastern cultures
,- Guava: Popular Mexican phytomedicine rx for the treatment of
dysmenorrhea, Primary action is antispasmodic, Also has
antioxidant & anti-inflammatory activity, Distinct advantage: Does
not have the adverse GI SE like w/ NSAIDs
- Other Herbs for Dysmenorrhea:
o False unicorn: Native American's used in 19th century to treat
dysmenorrhea
o Black cohosh & chasteberry: treat dysmenorrhea but no studies
documenting safety or effectiveness
◉ Hormonal Treatments and CNS Targeting Agents for PMS
Answer: CHCs: prevent ovulation, may not prevent mood changes.
Progesterone: sedative effect in high doses; mixed effectiveness.
CNS: SSRIs most commonly used.
◉ Adolescent Development Erikson
Answer: Identity vs Role Confusion (early adolescents), Intimacy vs
Isolation (early adulthood); overlap may persist into early
adulthood.
◉ what should you know about Adolescent Informed Consent?
Answer: Adults 18+ give consent. Minors may consent to certain
OB/GYN services vary.... consent to contraception may or may not be
included; Title X requires minors can consent to funded services. so
even if a state law saws the child needs parental consent, if its a title
, x funded clinic, the adolescent can make their own choice and the
clinic will not notify the parents o 21 states & DC - ALL minors are
explicitly allowed to consent to contraceptive services
o Additional 25 states - minors CAN provide their own consent for
contraception under certain circumstances
o Only 4 states have no explicit policy
◉ Pelvic Exam Indications in Adolescents
Answer: - these may be indicated: general exam, visual breast exam,
external pelvic exam is more typical
- internal exam if abnormal bleeding, discharge, abdominal/pelvic
pain; - initiation of OCs does NOT require exam. - G/C screening
should be done using nucleic acid amplication techniques
- Urine sample or vaginal swab specimen that is obtained by the pt
- Vaginal swabs are more sensitive than urine tests
- Both are acceptable to young pts
· PAP smear for cervical cancer screening is NOT RECOMMENDED
UNTIL AGE 21
◉ G/C Screening in Adolescents is done how?
Answer: NAAT recommended; urine or vaginal swab; swabs more
sensitive; both acceptable.
