COMPREHENSIVE NURSING FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21). Answer: - 97% caused by nondisjunction
during formation of on of the parent's gametes or embryonic development (
mostly on the mother's egg cell)
-Low IQ (25-70), low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat low set ears, poor
muscle tone, short stature,
- reduced ability to fight respiratory infections, 1/3 - 1/2 have congenital
heart defects
-3/4 fetuses spontaneously aborted or stillborn, 10-20% die within 10 years,
others live to 60yo.
-Alzheimer's symptoms by 40 yo
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). Answer: -Male appearance, usually sterile,
female-like breasts, small testes, high voice, moderate degree of mental
impairment
-High incidence in prison population
-nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the mother (incidence rises with
maternal age)
▶ Neurofibromatosis. Answer: -Benign nerve sheath tumors
-Autosomal dominant disorder of the nerve system
- Sx range from harmless cafe-au-lait spots to malignant tumors, scoliosis,
seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities, and neuromas.
-Type 1 most common: inactivation of NF1 gene
-Type 2: NF2 gene
- Tx: surgery
▶ Duchenne Muscular dystrophy. Answer: - Most common and most
severe X-linked recessive disorder
-Progressive muscle degeneration (unable to walk by 10-12yo)
- Affects heart and resp muscles and death usually before 20yo
- dystrophin is absent
▶ Multifactorial traits. Answer: traits that result from the interaction of one
or more environmental factors and two or more genes
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21). Answer: - 97% caused by nondisjunction
during formation of on of the parent's gametes or embryonic development (
mostly on the mother's egg cell)
-Low IQ (25-70), low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat low set ears, poor
muscle tone, short stature,
- reduced ability to fight respiratory infections, 1/3 - 1/2 have congenital
heart defects
-3/4 fetuses spontaneously aborted or stillborn, 10-20% die within 10 years,
others live to 60yo.
-Alzheimer's symptoms by 40 yo
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). Answer: -Male appearance, usually sterile,
female-like breasts, small testes, high voice, moderate degree of mental
impairment
-High incidence in prison population
-nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the mother (incidence rises with
maternal age)
▶ Neurofibromatosis. Answer: -Benign nerve sheath tumors
-Autosomal dominant disorder of the nerve system
- Sx range from harmless cafe-au-lait spots to malignant tumors, scoliosis,
seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities, and neuromas.
-Type 1 most common: inactivation of NF1 gene
-Type 2: NF2 gene
- Tx: surgery
▶ Duchenne Muscular dystrophy. Answer: - Most common and most
severe X-linked recessive disorder
-Progressive muscle degeneration (unable to walk by 10-12yo)
- Affects heart and resp muscles and death usually before 20yo
- dystrophin is absent
▶ Multifactorial traits. Answer: traits that result from the interaction of one
or more environmental factors and two or more genes
