Ozone: Explanatory Theory
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- sunlight breaks down halo-hydrocarbons and the breakdown products
descend in the Polar Vortex
- The reactions are unusual & can only occur on the surfaces of Polar
Stratospheric Clouds, resulting in the production of for example, molecular
chlorine gas during the cold polar night
- When sunlight returns in the polar spring, light splits the chlorine gas & a
catalytic cycle commences, turning ozone int O2
- One free chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules
Influenza: Why an environmental problem?
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, - Emerging infectious diseases have been increasing in incidence & are key
threat to wildlife & human health
- Of 335 human diseases emerged over past 60 years, influenza is one of
more prevalent
- Millions of severe illnesses & 500,000 deaths annually
- Threat of pandemic spread of a new strain where there's little to no
immunity
- Dynamics of influenza infections among birds & mammals intimately
linked
Huron River: Cyanobacteria
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- Largely inedible
- Effective buoyancy regulation: gas vesicles & carbohydrate
- Inefficient nitrate reductase
- Nitrogenase
- Some species release toxins
- Tasta, odor, nuisance conditions
Global Environmental Impact of Human Activities
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- Acid precipitation
- Ocean acidification due to elevated CO2 levels
- Nitrogen deposition due to industrial & agricultural emissions
- Habitat loss
- desertification
,Huron River: Huron River Info
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- Bluegreens (algae) carpet the lake
- Microalgae seasonal succession in temperate zone lakes
- Spring ---> Summer
- Diatoms ---> cyanobacteria (bluegreens)
- What environmental conditions favor / discourage growth by diatoms &
cyanobacteria?
- Both taxa exhibit responses that are essentially opposite of each other
Ozone: CFCs
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- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Stable
- Non-flammable
- Low in toxicity
- Inexpensive to make
- Miracle substance synthesized by humans with no chemical analogs in the
natural world
- Uses
- Refrigerants
- Solvents
- Foam blowing agents
- Other smaller applications
- Very stable & don't dissolve in the rain
- Only exposure to UV radiation breaks them down, releasing elemental
Chlorine
- 84% of Chlorine in stratosphere comes from CFCs
, Influenza: Influenza Virus
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Family Orthomyxoviridae
- "Myxo" means mucus
Four types
- Type A, multiple species, most lethal & epidemic virus
- Type B, humans
- Type C, humans & swine
- Type D, cattle & swine
Influenza A Class
- RNA virus
- 8 gene segments code for 10 proteins
- 2 major proteins embedded in surface
Antigenic Drift vs Shift
- Antigenic drift: slow change in proteins N & H on virion over time,
mutants, seasonal epidemics
- Antigenic shifts: sudden changes from one type of N or H to another,
entirely new genetic entity, most dramatic & dangerous, leads to pandemics
Arcadia Bluffs: Change in Volume Calculation
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- New topography - old topography
- Range = +47 to -71 feet
- Volume lost = 6.9 million cubic feet = 250,000 cubic yards = 460,000 tons
of soil
- Scientific fact, measurement
Give this one a try later!
- sunlight breaks down halo-hydrocarbons and the breakdown products
descend in the Polar Vortex
- The reactions are unusual & can only occur on the surfaces of Polar
Stratospheric Clouds, resulting in the production of for example, molecular
chlorine gas during the cold polar night
- When sunlight returns in the polar spring, light splits the chlorine gas & a
catalytic cycle commences, turning ozone int O2
- One free chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules
Influenza: Why an environmental problem?
Give this one a try later!
, - Emerging infectious diseases have been increasing in incidence & are key
threat to wildlife & human health
- Of 335 human diseases emerged over past 60 years, influenza is one of
more prevalent
- Millions of severe illnesses & 500,000 deaths annually
- Threat of pandemic spread of a new strain where there's little to no
immunity
- Dynamics of influenza infections among birds & mammals intimately
linked
Huron River: Cyanobacteria
Give this one a try later!
- Largely inedible
- Effective buoyancy regulation: gas vesicles & carbohydrate
- Inefficient nitrate reductase
- Nitrogenase
- Some species release toxins
- Tasta, odor, nuisance conditions
Global Environmental Impact of Human Activities
Give this one a try later!
- Acid precipitation
- Ocean acidification due to elevated CO2 levels
- Nitrogen deposition due to industrial & agricultural emissions
- Habitat loss
- desertification
,Huron River: Huron River Info
Give this one a try later!
- Bluegreens (algae) carpet the lake
- Microalgae seasonal succession in temperate zone lakes
- Spring ---> Summer
- Diatoms ---> cyanobacteria (bluegreens)
- What environmental conditions favor / discourage growth by diatoms &
cyanobacteria?
- Both taxa exhibit responses that are essentially opposite of each other
Ozone: CFCs
Give this one a try later!
- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Stable
- Non-flammable
- Low in toxicity
- Inexpensive to make
- Miracle substance synthesized by humans with no chemical analogs in the
natural world
- Uses
- Refrigerants
- Solvents
- Foam blowing agents
- Other smaller applications
- Very stable & don't dissolve in the rain
- Only exposure to UV radiation breaks them down, releasing elemental
Chlorine
- 84% of Chlorine in stratosphere comes from CFCs
, Influenza: Influenza Virus
Give this one a try later!
Family Orthomyxoviridae
- "Myxo" means mucus
Four types
- Type A, multiple species, most lethal & epidemic virus
- Type B, humans
- Type C, humans & swine
- Type D, cattle & swine
Influenza A Class
- RNA virus
- 8 gene segments code for 10 proteins
- 2 major proteins embedded in surface
Antigenic Drift vs Shift
- Antigenic drift: slow change in proteins N & H on virion over time,
mutants, seasonal epidemics
- Antigenic shifts: sudden changes from one type of N or H to another,
entirely new genetic entity, most dramatic & dangerous, leads to pandemics
Arcadia Bluffs: Change in Volume Calculation
Give this one a try later!
- New topography - old topography
- Range = +47 to -71 feet
- Volume lost = 6.9 million cubic feet = 250,000 cubic yards = 460,000 tons
of soil
- Scientific fact, measurement
