HCD 332 final exam questions with
correct answers
Formulation phase is made up of two sets of interrelated activities -
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CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Agenda Setting and Legislation Development
| | | | |
Implementation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Health Policies must be | | | | | | |
implemented effectively if they are to affect the determinants of health.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Otherwise, policies are only paper and words. Implementation only
| | | | | | | | |
occurs after a policy is adopted. It is at the discretion of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
administrative agency to interpret and implement the policy. Their aim
| | | | | | | | | |
is to help people when something happens and prevent the event from
| | | | | | | | | | | |
occuring again. People at the national, state, and local government as
| | | | | | | | | | |
well as the general public are responsible for the implementation of
| | | | | | | | | | |
laws. Go to regulations.gov for info about laws
| | | | | | |
Success depends on - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Difficulty of problem being
| | | | | | | |
|addressed. Legal mandates. Political and institutional actors. Degree of
| | | | | | | | |
political and public support. External constituencies' influence.
| | | | | | |
Depending on the scope of policies being implemented, the managerial
| | | | | | | | | |
tasks involved can be simple and straightforward, or they can acquire
| | | | | | | | | | |
massive effort. Pres. Lyndon Johnson once observed that preparations
| | | | | | | | |
for implementing the Medicare Program represented "the largest
| | | | | | | |
,managerial effort the nation [had] undertaken since the Normandy
| | | | | | | | |
invasion" (Inglehart 1992, 1468) | | |
Rule making - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the establishment of the formal
| | | | | | | | |
rules. 1st step in policy implementation. The relationship between
| | | | | | | | |
rulemaking and the operational activities involved in the
| | | | | | | |
implementation of a law is cyclical. Rulemaking is typically a timely | | | | | | | | | | |
process, allowing implementation to proceed smoothly, but this is not
| | | | | | | | | |
always the case | |
Rule making cyclical process - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Rules are made
| | | | | | | | | |
2. Operational activities are decided 3. Policy is formed & Implemented
| | | | | | | | | | |
4. Feedback is noted 5. Policies are modified if needed based on
| | | | | | | | | | | |
feedback 6. Rules may be changed and policies altered. (Make the DIF
| | | | | | | | | | | |
NM Change) |
Granting of Rulemaking Authority - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | |
rulemaking process begins when Congress takes an action, that either
| | | | | | | | | |
requires or authorizes an executive branch agency to write and issue
| | | | | | | | | | |
rules. Rulemaking is an necessary part of policymaking, because
| | | | | | | | |
enacted laws are seldom explicit enough concerning the steps necessary
| | | | | | | | |
to guide their implementation adequately.
| | | | |
The rules used to implement policies can undergo revisions - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-sometimes extensive continual revision - and new rules | | | | | | | |
,can be adopted as experience dictates. This characteristic makes the
| | | | | | | | | |
process more dynamic than it would be otherwise.
| | | | | | |
implementation phase - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the responsibility for | | | | | | |
policy making shifts from the legislative branch to the executive branch
| | | | | | | | | |
Legislative Branch in implementation phase - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-All
| | | | | | | |
legislative power in the government is vested in Congress, meaning that
| | | | | | | | | | |
it is the only part of the government that can make new laws or change
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
existing laws. Laws are formulated in the legislative branch and
| | | | | | | | | |
implemented primarily in the executive branch, and sometimes this role
| | | | | | | | |
|creates significant delays. Example, in 1946 Congress enacted the
| | | | | | | | |
Hospital Survey and Construction Act. However, it wasn't until the
| | | | | | | | | |
1970's that the DHHS issued rules to govern these hospitals and the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
money alloted |
Executive Branch in implementation Phase Executive Branch agencies -
| | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-issue regulations with the full force of law, but
| | | | | | | | | |
these are only under the authority of laws enacted by Congress.
| | | | | | | | | |
Executive agencies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Agencies such as the Dept.
| | | | | | | | |
of Health & Human Services, Dept. of Justice, or independent agencies
| | | | | | | | | | |
like the FDA, EPA exist primarily to implement the laws formulated by
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the legislative branch. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
| | | | | | | | | |
is an example of an implementation agency located under the DHHS.
| | | | | | | | | |
, Examples of responsibilities of CMS - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Serves
| | | | | | | | |
as focal point for Agency interactions 2. Responsible for policies related
| | | | | | | | | | |
to scope of benefits 3. Develops payment mechanisms 4. develops,
| | | | | | | | | |
evaluates and maintains policies 5. Develops, evaluates and reviews
| | | | | | | | |
regulations, manuals, program guidelines and instructions needed for
| | | | | | | |
the dissemination of program policies to program contractors and the
| | | | | | | | | |
healthcare field |
Legislative Oversight - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Although organizations in
| | | | | | |
the executive branch bear most of the responsibility for implementing
| | | | | | | | | |
policies, the legislature branch maintains oversight responsibility in the
| | | | | | | | |
implementation phase, as mandated by the Legislative Reorganization
| | | | | | | |
act of 1946.
| |
Generally, Legislative oversight is intended to accomplish the following -
| | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Ensure the implementing organizations
| | | | | |
adhere to congressional intent 2. Improve the efficiency, effectiveness,
| | | | | | | | |
and economy of government operations. 3. Assess the ability of
| | | | | | | | | |
implementing organizations and individuals to manage and accomplish
| | | | | | | |
implementation 4. Ensure the implementation of policies reflects the
| | | | | | | | |
public interest. |
Effective oversight is accomplished through several means - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-One powerful technique involves the funding | | | | | |
appropriations that congress must make to continue implementation of
| | | | | | | | |
correct answers
Formulation phase is made up of two sets of interrelated activities -
| | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Agenda Setting and Legislation Development
| | | | |
Implementation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Health Policies must be | | | | | | |
implemented effectively if they are to affect the determinants of health.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Otherwise, policies are only paper and words. Implementation only
| | | | | | | | |
occurs after a policy is adopted. It is at the discretion of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
administrative agency to interpret and implement the policy. Their aim
| | | | | | | | | |
is to help people when something happens and prevent the event from
| | | | | | | | | | | |
occuring again. People at the national, state, and local government as
| | | | | | | | | | |
well as the general public are responsible for the implementation of
| | | | | | | | | | |
laws. Go to regulations.gov for info about laws
| | | | | | |
Success depends on - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Difficulty of problem being
| | | | | | | |
|addressed. Legal mandates. Political and institutional actors. Degree of
| | | | | | | | |
political and public support. External constituencies' influence.
| | | | | | |
Depending on the scope of policies being implemented, the managerial
| | | | | | | | | |
tasks involved can be simple and straightforward, or they can acquire
| | | | | | | | | | |
massive effort. Pres. Lyndon Johnson once observed that preparations
| | | | | | | | |
for implementing the Medicare Program represented "the largest
| | | | | | | |
,managerial effort the nation [had] undertaken since the Normandy
| | | | | | | | |
invasion" (Inglehart 1992, 1468) | | |
Rule making - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the establishment of the formal
| | | | | | | | |
rules. 1st step in policy implementation. The relationship between
| | | | | | | | |
rulemaking and the operational activities involved in the
| | | | | | | |
implementation of a law is cyclical. Rulemaking is typically a timely | | | | | | | | | | |
process, allowing implementation to proceed smoothly, but this is not
| | | | | | | | | |
always the case | |
Rule making cyclical process - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Rules are made
| | | | | | | | | |
2. Operational activities are decided 3. Policy is formed & Implemented
| | | | | | | | | | |
4. Feedback is noted 5. Policies are modified if needed based on
| | | | | | | | | | | |
feedback 6. Rules may be changed and policies altered. (Make the DIF
| | | | | | | | | | | |
NM Change) |
Granting of Rulemaking Authority - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | |
rulemaking process begins when Congress takes an action, that either
| | | | | | | | | |
requires or authorizes an executive branch agency to write and issue
| | | | | | | | | | |
rules. Rulemaking is an necessary part of policymaking, because
| | | | | | | | |
enacted laws are seldom explicit enough concerning the steps necessary
| | | | | | | | |
to guide their implementation adequately.
| | | | |
The rules used to implement policies can undergo revisions - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-sometimes extensive continual revision - and new rules | | | | | | | |
,can be adopted as experience dictates. This characteristic makes the
| | | | | | | | | |
process more dynamic than it would be otherwise.
| | | | | | |
implementation phase - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the responsibility for | | | | | | |
policy making shifts from the legislative branch to the executive branch
| | | | | | | | | |
Legislative Branch in implementation phase - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-All
| | | | | | | |
legislative power in the government is vested in Congress, meaning that
| | | | | | | | | | |
it is the only part of the government that can make new laws or change
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
existing laws. Laws are formulated in the legislative branch and
| | | | | | | | | |
implemented primarily in the executive branch, and sometimes this role
| | | | | | | | |
|creates significant delays. Example, in 1946 Congress enacted the
| | | | | | | | |
Hospital Survey and Construction Act. However, it wasn't until the
| | | | | | | | | |
1970's that the DHHS issued rules to govern these hospitals and the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
money alloted |
Executive Branch in implementation Phase Executive Branch agencies -
| | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-issue regulations with the full force of law, but
| | | | | | | | | |
these are only under the authority of laws enacted by Congress.
| | | | | | | | | |
Executive agencies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Agencies such as the Dept.
| | | | | | | | |
of Health & Human Services, Dept. of Justice, or independent agencies
| | | | | | | | | | |
like the FDA, EPA exist primarily to implement the laws formulated by
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the legislative branch. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
| | | | | | | | | |
is an example of an implementation agency located under the DHHS.
| | | | | | | | | |
, Examples of responsibilities of CMS - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Serves
| | | | | | | | |
as focal point for Agency interactions 2. Responsible for policies related
| | | | | | | | | | |
to scope of benefits 3. Develops payment mechanisms 4. develops,
| | | | | | | | | |
evaluates and maintains policies 5. Develops, evaluates and reviews
| | | | | | | | |
regulations, manuals, program guidelines and instructions needed for
| | | | | | | |
the dissemination of program policies to program contractors and the
| | | | | | | | | |
healthcare field |
Legislative Oversight - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Although organizations in
| | | | | | |
the executive branch bear most of the responsibility for implementing
| | | | | | | | | |
policies, the legislature branch maintains oversight responsibility in the
| | | | | | | | |
implementation phase, as mandated by the Legislative Reorganization
| | | | | | | |
act of 1946.
| |
Generally, Legislative oversight is intended to accomplish the following -
| | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Ensure the implementing organizations
| | | | | |
adhere to congressional intent 2. Improve the efficiency, effectiveness,
| | | | | | | | |
and economy of government operations. 3. Assess the ability of
| | | | | | | | | |
implementing organizations and individuals to manage and accomplish
| | | | | | | |
implementation 4. Ensure the implementation of policies reflects the
| | | | | | | | |
public interest. |
Effective oversight is accomplished through several means - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-One powerful technique involves the funding | | | | | |
appropriations that congress must make to continue implementation of
| | | | | | | | |
