PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2026 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
When there is no known etiology (cause) for a
Define Idiopathic
disease
Local: Symptoms AT site of disease
Systemic: Unconfined to a specific site
Acute: Symptoms begin abruptly and last days
What is the difference between local, systemic, to one
acute, chronic, and subacute symptomology
Chronic: Insidious (gradual) onsets which lasts
longer than 6 months
Subacute: Symptoms which fall between acute
and chronic
Incidence: Number of new cases within a given
time
Prevalence: Percentage of a population living
What is the difference between incidence, with a particular disease
prevalence, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic?
Endemic: Disease is predictable and stable
Epidemic: Rate considerably above endemic rate
Pandemic: Epidemic spreads across continents
Primary: Protecting people from developing a
disease/illness
Describe Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Secondary: Early detection of a disease through
Preventions
screening and early treatment
Tertiary: Rehabilitation after diagnosis
What are phospholipids and how are they They are the1st part of the lipid bilayer and have
configured? hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Second part of lipid bilayer, smaller than
What are glycolipids
phospholipids
What are transmembrane proteins? Proteins that pass through the entire membrane
, Specific types of transmembrane proteins which
What are integral proteins?
becomes part of the membrane
They are proteins which do not pass through the
What are peripheral proteins?
entire membrane
What are genes? Individual units of inheritance
What is the nucleus and what does it do? Central structure which contains DNA
Where is the nucleolus and what does it do? Within the nucleus and synthesizes RNA
Tubules containing ribosomes which make
What is RER?
protein and lysosomal enzymes
Tubules which make lipids and steroid
What is SER?
hormones
Membranous structure that modifies proteins
What is the Golgi apparatus?
and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum
Sacs around membranes which digest cellular
What are lysosomes?
debris
What are peroxisomes? Sacs which neutralize free radicals
Rather than DNA, Mitrochondrion have…? Their own mitochondrial DNA mtDNA
Site of aerobic cellular respiration
What are the main 2 functions of the
mitochondrion? Produces ATP
Microtubules: Thin protein structures composed
Define microtubules of tubulin
Thin: Comprise protein actin
What is the difference between thin,
Intermediate: Comprise filaments
intermediate, and thick microfilaments?
Thick: Comprise protein myosin
Movement of particles from high to low
Define diffusion
concentration
Movement of water across semipermeable
Define osmosis
membrane (high to low)
Movement of particles using transport proteins
Define facilitated diffusion
NOT ENERGY
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
When there is no known etiology (cause) for a
Define Idiopathic
disease
Local: Symptoms AT site of disease
Systemic: Unconfined to a specific site
Acute: Symptoms begin abruptly and last days
What is the difference between local, systemic, to one
acute, chronic, and subacute symptomology
Chronic: Insidious (gradual) onsets which lasts
longer than 6 months
Subacute: Symptoms which fall between acute
and chronic
Incidence: Number of new cases within a given
time
Prevalence: Percentage of a population living
What is the difference between incidence, with a particular disease
prevalence, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic?
Endemic: Disease is predictable and stable
Epidemic: Rate considerably above endemic rate
Pandemic: Epidemic spreads across continents
Primary: Protecting people from developing a
disease/illness
Describe Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Secondary: Early detection of a disease through
Preventions
screening and early treatment
Tertiary: Rehabilitation after diagnosis
What are phospholipids and how are they They are the1st part of the lipid bilayer and have
configured? hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Second part of lipid bilayer, smaller than
What are glycolipids
phospholipids
What are transmembrane proteins? Proteins that pass through the entire membrane
, Specific types of transmembrane proteins which
What are integral proteins?
becomes part of the membrane
They are proteins which do not pass through the
What are peripheral proteins?
entire membrane
What are genes? Individual units of inheritance
What is the nucleus and what does it do? Central structure which contains DNA
Where is the nucleolus and what does it do? Within the nucleus and synthesizes RNA
Tubules containing ribosomes which make
What is RER?
protein and lysosomal enzymes
Tubules which make lipids and steroid
What is SER?
hormones
Membranous structure that modifies proteins
What is the Golgi apparatus?
and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum
Sacs around membranes which digest cellular
What are lysosomes?
debris
What are peroxisomes? Sacs which neutralize free radicals
Rather than DNA, Mitrochondrion have…? Their own mitochondrial DNA mtDNA
Site of aerobic cellular respiration
What are the main 2 functions of the
mitochondrion? Produces ATP
Microtubules: Thin protein structures composed
Define microtubules of tubulin
Thin: Comprise protein actin
What is the difference between thin,
Intermediate: Comprise filaments
intermediate, and thick microfilaments?
Thick: Comprise protein myosin
Movement of particles from high to low
Define diffusion
concentration
Movement of water across semipermeable
Define osmosis
membrane (high to low)
Movement of particles using transport proteins
Define facilitated diffusion
NOT ENERGY
