PSY 205 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Early definition of psychology - Answers - (18th century)
"Study of the mind"
Combination go philosophy and physiology
Current definition of psychology - Answers - Scientific study of human and animal
behavior and mental processes
Wundt - Answers - 1832-1920
German
Founder of Psychology
Hall - Answers - American
Brought Psychology to America
Titchener - Answers - Structuralism
Method of introspection
Categorize mind in same manner as elements on the periodic table
James - Answers - Functionalism
Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, applied
Watson - Answers - Founder of behaviorism
Freud - Answers - Psychoanalytic theory
Attempts to explain personality, motivation , and mental disorders by focusing on
unconscious determinants of behavior
Skinner - Answers - Fundamental Principle
Based on reinforcement learning, organisms tend to repeat the actions that lead to
positive outcomes and not repeat the actions that lead to neutral or negative actions
Rogers - Answers - Humanistic approach
Argued that human behavior is governed primarily by each individual's sense of self, or
"self-concept"
Maslow - Answers - Humanistic approach
Must account the human drive towards personal growth
Functionalism - Answers - Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness
Structuralism - Answers - Analyze consciousness into its basic tenants
,Experimental - Answers - Concerned with the scientific investigation of basic
psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and
animals
Clinical - Answers - Applied
Evaluation, diagnosis, ,and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders
Counseling - Answers - Applied
Interviewing, testing, and providing therapy
Family, marital, or career
School - Answers - Focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in
governing behavior, attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction,
etc.
Industrial - Answers - Applied
HR, staff morale, job satisfaction
Psychology vs. Psychiatry - Answers - Scientific study of human and animal behavior
and mental processes
Branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances
Behaviorism - Answers - Only observable events (stimulus-response reactions) can be
studied scientifically
Humanism - Answers - Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal
growth
Cognitive Psychology - Answers - Focuses on "higher" mental processes, such as
memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision
making, and creativity
Social Psychology - Answers - Focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social
forces in governing behavior, attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity,
attraction, etc.
Evolutionary Psychology - Answers - Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive
problems
Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
Hypothesis - Answers - A tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more
variables
Theory - Answers - A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
, Independent Variable - Answers - A condition or event that a researcher varies in order
to see is impact on another variable
Dependent Variable - Answers - The variable that is thought to be affected by the
manipulation of the independent variable
Experiments - Answers - Research method in which the investigator manipulates a
variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur
in a second variable as a result
Random Assignment - Answers - Occurs when all subjects have an equal chance being
assigned to any group or condition in the study
Correlational Study - Answers - Provide information about relationships between
variables when manipulation is not possible
Positive Correlation - Answers - 2 variables vary systematically in the same direction
Negative Correlation - Answers - 2 variables vary systematically in opposite directions
Third-variable - Answers - The possibilities that X doesn't cause Y and Y doesn't cause
X but a third outside variable is the cause of both
Advantages of a Survey - Answers - Inexpensive
Easy to collect data from large samples
Disadvantages of a Survey - Answers - Social Desirability Bias
Social Desirability Bias - Answers - A tendency to give socially approved answers to
questions about oneself
Naturalistic Observation - Answers - The researcher engages in careful, usually
prolonged observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subject
Participant - Answers - Gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of
individuals (such as religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular
community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their
cultural environment usually over an extended period of time
Case Study - Answers - In depth investigation of an individual subject (not all cases are
the same)
Neuron - Answers - Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and
transmit information
Soma - Answers - Cell body
Early definition of psychology - Answers - (18th century)
"Study of the mind"
Combination go philosophy and physiology
Current definition of psychology - Answers - Scientific study of human and animal
behavior and mental processes
Wundt - Answers - 1832-1920
German
Founder of Psychology
Hall - Answers - American
Brought Psychology to America
Titchener - Answers - Structuralism
Method of introspection
Categorize mind in same manner as elements on the periodic table
James - Answers - Functionalism
Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, applied
Watson - Answers - Founder of behaviorism
Freud - Answers - Psychoanalytic theory
Attempts to explain personality, motivation , and mental disorders by focusing on
unconscious determinants of behavior
Skinner - Answers - Fundamental Principle
Based on reinforcement learning, organisms tend to repeat the actions that lead to
positive outcomes and not repeat the actions that lead to neutral or negative actions
Rogers - Answers - Humanistic approach
Argued that human behavior is governed primarily by each individual's sense of self, or
"self-concept"
Maslow - Answers - Humanistic approach
Must account the human drive towards personal growth
Functionalism - Answers - Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness
Structuralism - Answers - Analyze consciousness into its basic tenants
,Experimental - Answers - Concerned with the scientific investigation of basic
psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and
animals
Clinical - Answers - Applied
Evaluation, diagnosis, ,and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders
Counseling - Answers - Applied
Interviewing, testing, and providing therapy
Family, marital, or career
School - Answers - Focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in
governing behavior, attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction,
etc.
Industrial - Answers - Applied
HR, staff morale, job satisfaction
Psychology vs. Psychiatry - Answers - Scientific study of human and animal behavior
and mental processes
Branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances
Behaviorism - Answers - Only observable events (stimulus-response reactions) can be
studied scientifically
Humanism - Answers - Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal
growth
Cognitive Psychology - Answers - Focuses on "higher" mental processes, such as
memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision
making, and creativity
Social Psychology - Answers - Focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social
forces in governing behavior, attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity,
attraction, etc.
Evolutionary Psychology - Answers - Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive
problems
Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
Hypothesis - Answers - A tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more
variables
Theory - Answers - A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
, Independent Variable - Answers - A condition or event that a researcher varies in order
to see is impact on another variable
Dependent Variable - Answers - The variable that is thought to be affected by the
manipulation of the independent variable
Experiments - Answers - Research method in which the investigator manipulates a
variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur
in a second variable as a result
Random Assignment - Answers - Occurs when all subjects have an equal chance being
assigned to any group or condition in the study
Correlational Study - Answers - Provide information about relationships between
variables when manipulation is not possible
Positive Correlation - Answers - 2 variables vary systematically in the same direction
Negative Correlation - Answers - 2 variables vary systematically in opposite directions
Third-variable - Answers - The possibilities that X doesn't cause Y and Y doesn't cause
X but a third outside variable is the cause of both
Advantages of a Survey - Answers - Inexpensive
Easy to collect data from large samples
Disadvantages of a Survey - Answers - Social Desirability Bias
Social Desirability Bias - Answers - A tendency to give socially approved answers to
questions about oneself
Naturalistic Observation - Answers - The researcher engages in careful, usually
prolonged observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subject
Participant - Answers - Gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of
individuals (such as religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular
community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their
cultural environment usually over an extended period of time
Case Study - Answers - In depth investigation of an individual subject (not all cases are
the same)
Neuron - Answers - Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and
transmit information
Soma - Answers - Cell body
