FNDH 620 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pyruvate can come from _______________ or _________ __________. -
✔✔glucose, amino acids
✔✔ADH Pathway
Ethanol -> Acetaldehyde
*For this oxidation reaction to occur, what enzyme in the liver is required?
* Where does this occur? (cytosol or mitochondria) - ✔✔ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase),
cytosol
✔✔ADH Pathway
Acetaldehyde -> Acetate
*For this oxidation reaction to occur, what enzyme is required?
* Where does this occur? (cytosol or mitochondria) - ✔✔AcDH (acetaldehyde
dehyrdogenase), mitochondria
✔✔Enzymes
Biocatalysts _____________ the rate of chemical reactions via _____________
transition (activation) energy. - ✔✔increase, lowering
✔✔Tertiary structue of proteins usually consists of several functional segments of
structure, e.g. ___________ - ✔✔domain
✔✔Oxalaocetate:
Comes from ___________ but can be converted back to ____________. - ✔✔pyruvate,
glucose
✔✔Acetyl CoA can be converted to pyruvate.
True or False - ✔✔False
Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA = one-way reaction
✔✔Hartnup disease - ✔✔- high levels of neutral amino acids in urine, but low in organ
cells
- low tryptophan (precursor of niacin)
, - pellagra-like symptoms
✔✔Cystinuria - ✔✔- most common disease of amino acid transporter
- results from deficiency in dibasic amino acid transporter
- high cystine in urine
- kidney stones
✔✔nitrogen balance - ✔✔Amount of protein consumed = amount of protein used
(nitrogen excreted)
✔✔positive nitrogen balance - ✔✔when protein synthesis (amount of protein consumed)
is higher than protein breakdown; ex. after tissue injury, pregnancy, childhood,
illness/disease, recovery from metabolic stress
✔✔negative nitrogen balance - ✔✔the excreted amount exceeds the protein intake
- inadequate dietary protein
- a deficiency in one or more of the essential amino acids, although a large amount of
protein is consumed
- ex. physical/emotional stress, starvation, sepsis, trauma, uncontrolled diabetes
✔✔Body mass index (BMI) is one way to estimate:
a) appropriate weight for height
b) actual body adiposity
c) body fat distribution
d) risk factors associated with obesity
e) none of the above - ✔✔a
✔✔Dietary calorie restriction: reduce calories but still need required nutrients
Dietary restriction: less food overall - ✔✔
✔✔ What are the most prevalent saturated fatty acids in an average US diet?
a) palmatic and stearic acid
b) oleic and linoleic
c) linoleic and linolenic
d) acetic and butyric - ✔✔a
b & c: unsaturated
d: short chain fatty acids
✔✔What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria?
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pyruvate can come from _______________ or _________ __________. -
✔✔glucose, amino acids
✔✔ADH Pathway
Ethanol -> Acetaldehyde
*For this oxidation reaction to occur, what enzyme in the liver is required?
* Where does this occur? (cytosol or mitochondria) - ✔✔ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase),
cytosol
✔✔ADH Pathway
Acetaldehyde -> Acetate
*For this oxidation reaction to occur, what enzyme is required?
* Where does this occur? (cytosol or mitochondria) - ✔✔AcDH (acetaldehyde
dehyrdogenase), mitochondria
✔✔Enzymes
Biocatalysts _____________ the rate of chemical reactions via _____________
transition (activation) energy. - ✔✔increase, lowering
✔✔Tertiary structue of proteins usually consists of several functional segments of
structure, e.g. ___________ - ✔✔domain
✔✔Oxalaocetate:
Comes from ___________ but can be converted back to ____________. - ✔✔pyruvate,
glucose
✔✔Acetyl CoA can be converted to pyruvate.
True or False - ✔✔False
Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA = one-way reaction
✔✔Hartnup disease - ✔✔- high levels of neutral amino acids in urine, but low in organ
cells
- low tryptophan (precursor of niacin)
, - pellagra-like symptoms
✔✔Cystinuria - ✔✔- most common disease of amino acid transporter
- results from deficiency in dibasic amino acid transporter
- high cystine in urine
- kidney stones
✔✔nitrogen balance - ✔✔Amount of protein consumed = amount of protein used
(nitrogen excreted)
✔✔positive nitrogen balance - ✔✔when protein synthesis (amount of protein consumed)
is higher than protein breakdown; ex. after tissue injury, pregnancy, childhood,
illness/disease, recovery from metabolic stress
✔✔negative nitrogen balance - ✔✔the excreted amount exceeds the protein intake
- inadequate dietary protein
- a deficiency in one or more of the essential amino acids, although a large amount of
protein is consumed
- ex. physical/emotional stress, starvation, sepsis, trauma, uncontrolled diabetes
✔✔Body mass index (BMI) is one way to estimate:
a) appropriate weight for height
b) actual body adiposity
c) body fat distribution
d) risk factors associated with obesity
e) none of the above - ✔✔a
✔✔Dietary calorie restriction: reduce calories but still need required nutrients
Dietary restriction: less food overall - ✔✔
✔✔ What are the most prevalent saturated fatty acids in an average US diet?
a) palmatic and stearic acid
b) oleic and linoleic
c) linoleic and linolenic
d) acetic and butyric - ✔✔a
b & c: unsaturated
d: short chain fatty acids
✔✔What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria?
