FOUNDATIONS - SPR2024 LATEST
2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED GRADED A+
INSERTmINTOm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThismclausemnamesmthemtablemandmcolumnsmwheremdatamismtombemadded.mTh
emkeywordmINTOmismoptional.
INSERTm[INTO]mTableNamem(Column1,mColumn2,m...)
VALUESm(Value1,mValue2,m...);
AUTO_INCREMENTm-mCORRECTmANSWERmAmkeywordmthatmdefinesmanmauto-
incrementmcolumn.mThismkeywordmfollowsmthemcolumn'smdatamtypeminmamCREATEmTABLEmstatemen
t.
FullymNULLm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThismforeignmkeymismamsimplemormcompositemforeignmkeyminmwhichmallmcolumn
smaremNULL
Functionm/mArgumentm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAmfunctionmoperatesmonmanmexpressionmenclosedminmparentheses,mcalledman
margument,mandmreturnsmamvalue.
Usually,mthemargumentmismamsimplemexpression,msuchmasmamcolumnmnamemormfixedmvalue.mSomemf
unctionsmhavemseveralmarguments,mseparatedmbymcommas,mandmamfewmhavemnomargumentsmatmall
.
Eachmfunctionmoperatesmon,mandmevaluatesmto,mspecificmdatamtypes.
,((Courseminstructormhighlightedmfunctionmtomknow)):
ABS(n)mReturnsmthemabsolutemvaluemofmn
Ex:mSELECTmABS(-5);
m returnsm5
GROUPmBYmclausem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThismclausemconsistsmofmthem____________m_____mkeywordmandmonemormmo
remcolumns.
Eachmsimplemormcompositemvaluemofmthemcolumn(s)mbecomesmamgroup.mThemquerymcomputesmthe
maggregatemfunctionmseparately,mandmreturnsmonemrow,mformeachmgroup.
Aggregatemfunctionsmaremcommonlymusedmbymthismclause.
AggregatemFunctionm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThismfunctionmprocessesmvaluesmfrommamsetmofmrowsmandmreturnsmamsummar
ymvalue.
((Courseminstructormhighlightedmfunctionsmtomknow)):
Commonmaggregatemfunctionsmare:
~mCOUNT()mcountsmthemnumbermofmrowsminmthemset
~MIN()mfindsmthemminimummvalueminmthemset
~MAX()mfindsmthemmaximummvalueminmthemset
~mSUM()msumsmallmthemvaluesminmthemset
~mAVG()mcomputesmthemarithmeticmmeanmofmallmthemvaluesminmthemset
,ThesemfunctionsmappearminmamSELECTmclausemandmprocessmallmrowsmthatmsatisfymthemWHEREmclaus
emcondition.mIfmamSELECTmstatementmhasmnomWHEREmclause,mthemaggregatemfunctionmprocessesma
llmrows.
ThesemfunctionsmaremcommonlymusedmwithmthemGROUPmBYmclause.
ASmkeywordm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTomsimplifymqueriesmormresultmtables,mamcolumnmnamemcanmbemreplacedmwit
hmanmalias.mThemaliasmfollowsmthemcolumnmname,mseparatedmbymanmoptionalmASmkeyword.
viewmtablem/mviewmquerym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAmviewmtablemismamtablemnamemassociatedmwithmamSELECTmstatement,mcalledm
themviewmquery.
Tablemdesignmismoptimizedmformamvarietymofmreasons,msuchmasmminimalmstorage,mfastmquerymexecut
ion,mandmsupportmformrelationalmandmbusinessmrules.mOccasionally,mthemdesignmismnotmidealmformda
tabasemusersmandmprogrammers.
Viewmtablesmsolvemthismproblem.mViewsmrestructuremtablemcolumnsmandmdatamtypesmwithoutmcha
ngesmtomthemunderlyingmdatabasemdesign.
CREATEmVIEWmstatementm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThismstatementmcreatesmamviewmtablemandmspecifiesmthemviewmname,mquery,m
andmoptionally,mcolumnmnames.mIfmcolumnmnamesmaremnotmspecified,mcolumnmnamesmaremthemsa
memasminmthemviewmquerymresultmtable.
Attributemminimumm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThemleastmnumbermofmattributemvaluesmthatmcanmdescribemeachmentityminsta
nce.m
, Ismusuallymspecifiedmasmzerom(optional)mormonem(required).
InmERmdiagrams,mattributemmaximummandmminimummfollowmthemattributemname.mThemminimumm
appearsminmparentheses.
uniquemattributem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmEachmvaluemofmam_____m_______mdescribesmatmmostmonementityminstance.mIs
mnotmthemsamemasmamsingularmattribute.
InmERmdiagrams,m1mindicatesmamuniquemattributemandmMmindicatesmamnon-
uniquemattribute.mThem1mormMmappearsmbeforemthemattributemmaximummandmminimum.
functionalmdependencem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmColumnmAmdependsmonmcolumnmBmmeansmeachmBmvaluemismrelatedmtomatmmo
stmonemAmvalue.mColumnsmAmandmBmmaymbemsimplemormcomposite.m'AmdependsmonmB'mismdenotedm
Bm→mA.
Dependencemofmonemcolumnmonmanothermismcalledmfunctionalmdependence.mFunctionalmdepende
ncemreflectsmbusinessmrules.
dependsmonm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmColumnmAmdependsmonmcolumnmBmwhenmeachmBmvaluemismrelatedmtomatmmos
tmonemAmvalue.mAmandmBmmaymbemsimplemormcompositemcolumns.
heapmtablem-mCORRECTmANSWERmNomordermismimposedmonmrows.
Themdatabasemmaintainsmamlistmofmblocksmassignedmtomthemtable,malongmwithmthemaddressmofmthemf
irstmavailablemspacemforminserts.mIfmallmblocksmaremfull,mthemdatabasemallocatesmamnewmblockmandmi
nsertsmrowsminmthemnewmblock.