NURS 5315 Exam 1: Comprehensive Pathophysiology Review with Questions & Answers (UTA, 2025/2026)

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NURS 5315 EXAM 1
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NURS5315Exam1:Comprehensive Pathophysiology Review with
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Questions & Answers (UTA, 2025/2026)
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THIS DOCUMENT CONTAIS :
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 NURS 5315
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 NURS 5315 EXAM 1
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 COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY j




 REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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 (UTA, 2025/2026)
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,Question 1: j




Which term describes the decrease in cell size that can occur physiologically in the thymus gland during early
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childhood or pathologically from disuse?
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A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia

Correct Answer: C j j




Explanation: Atrophy refers to cells decreasing in size. This can be a physiologic process, such as the thymus
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gland decreasing in early childhood, or a pathologic process resulting from disuse. Hypertrophy is an increase
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in cell size, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, and dysplasia involves cells changing in size, shape, and
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organization.
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Question 2: j




A patient presents with cardiomegaly due to hypertension. Which cellular adaptation process is responsible for
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this condition?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia

Correct Answer: B j j




Explanation: Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to increased workload. Cardiomegaly from
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hypertension is a classic example of pathologic hypertrophy, where the heart muscle cells enlarge to
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compensate for the increased workload of pumping against elevated blood pressure.
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Question 3: j

,Endometrial hyperplasia is typically related to hormonal influences and represents which type of cellular
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adaptation?
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A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy

Correct Answer: C j j




Explanation: Hyperplasia is the increase in cell number due to increased cellular division. Endometrial
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hyperplasia is usually related to hormonal influences and represents a pathologic form of hyperplasia. This
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differs from physiologic hyperplasia, such as liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
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Question 4: j




A cervical biopsy from a patient with HPV infection shows disordered cellular proliferation with cells varying in
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size, shape, and organization. This finding is characteristic of:
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A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy

Correct Answer: B j j




Explanation: Dysplasia, also known as atypical hyperplasia, is characterized by cells changing in size, shape,
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and organization with disordered proliferation. Squamous dysplasia of the cervix from HPV infection is a
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classic example. This condition is considered pre-neoplastic and may progress to cancer if untreated.
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Question 5: j




A chronic smoker develops stratified squamous epithelial cells in the bronchial lining, replacing the normal
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ciliated columnar epithelium. This represents which cellular adaptation?
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, A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy

Correct Answer: C j j




Explanation: Metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type with another. It occurs as a reprogramming of
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stem cells and is potentially reversible. The development of stratified squamous cells in the bronchial lining
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due to cigarette smoke is a classic example of metaplasia, representing an adaptive response to chronic
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irritation.
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Question 6: j




A patient presents with cyanosis, cognitive impairment, and lethargy. Laboratory findings indicate inadequate
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oxygenation of tissues. This clinical picture is most consistent with:
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A. Free radical injury j j




B. Ethanol toxicity j




C. Hypoxia injury j




D. Fatty infiltration j




Correct Answer: C j j




Explanation: Hypoxia injury results from inadequate oxygenation of tissues. It causes decreased
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mitochondrial function, reduced ATP production, and increased anaerobic metabolism, potentially leading to
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cell death. Clinical manifestations include hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, and lethargy.
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Question 7: j




Which type of cellular injury is associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
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and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
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A. Ethanol toxicity j




B. Free radical and ROS injury
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C. Hypoxia injury j




D. Oncosis