BIO 201 RIO SALADO EXAM 1-
INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM
LESSONS 1-4 OBJECTIVES
INCLUDING SKELETAL SYSTEM
(NOT CRANIAL BONES)
Explain the principle of complementarity.
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure
examples.) bones support and protect body organs because they contain hard
mineral deposits and, blood flows in one direction through the heart because the
heart has valves that prevent back flow.
Levels of structural organization (in order of increasing complexity)
1) Chemical Level- At this level atoms, tiny building blocks of matter combine to form
molecules such as water and proteins.
2) Cellular Level- All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary
widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.
3) Tissue Level- Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
4) Organ Level- Organs are made up of different tissues.
5) Organ (System) level- Organ systems consist of different organs that work
together closely.
6) Organismal Level- The human organism is made up of many organ systems.
11 Organ systems of the body (major functions)
1) Integumentary System- Forms the external body covering.
2) Skeletal System- Protects and supports body organs.
3) Muscular System- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expressions.
4) Lymphatic System- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the
blood
5) Respiratory System- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide.
6) Digestive System- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells.
7) Nervous System- Fast acting control system of the body.
8) Endocrine System- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.
9)Cardiovascular System- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients , wastes, etc.
10) Urinary System- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
11) Reproductive System- Overall function is production of offspring.
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback Mechanisms- In these systems, the output shuts off the original
stimulus or reduces intensity. Examples: Regulation of body temperatures;
Withdrawal Reflex in which the hand is jerked away from a painful stimulus such as a
broken glass; As blood volume drops, the hypothalamus of the brain is stimulated to
, release ADH to the blood.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms- The result or response enhances the original
stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Examples: Homeostatic mechanisms are
the enhancement of labor contractions during birth and blood clotting.
Homeostatic Imbalance and Disease.
Most disease can be regarded as a result of the disturbance of homeostasis, which
is known as homeostatic imbalance. Any abnormal condition is known as
homeostatic imbalance.
Dorsal Posterior Cavity
Cranial and Spinal & protects delicate organs (brain and spinal cord)
Ventral (Anterior Cavity)
Thoracic Cavity; ribcage and its organs (heart, lungs, etc.)
Abdominopelvic cavity (largest cavity); allows for size and shape change
9 Regions of Abdominopelvic Regions
1) Right Hypchondriac Region (Top right) Organ: Liver Gallbladder
2) Right Lumbar Region (Middle Right) Organs: Ascending Colon of large intestine
3) Right Iliac (inguinal) region- Cecum
4) Epigastric Region (middle top) Organs: Stomach
5) Umbilical Region (middle middle) Organs: Small intestine and Transverse colon of
large intestine.
6) Hypogastric (pubic) region (Bottom middle) Organs: Urinary Bladder
7) Left Hypochondriac Region (Top left) Organs: Diaphragm
8) Left Lumbar Region (Middle Left) Organs: Descending colon of large intestine.
9) Left Illiac (inguinal) region (Bottom Left) Organ: Initial part of sigmoid colon
Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants
1) Right upper Quadrant
2) Left upper quadrant
3) Right lower Quadrant
4) Left lower quadrant
Structure of the Generalized Cell
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, golgi body,
mitochondrion, lysosome. For picture refer to page 66.
Connective tissue
binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection,
support, and integration of all parts of the body.
Epithelial Tissue (Simple squamous)
Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse
cytoplasm. Simplest of the epithelia.
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration. Secretes lubricating
substances in serosae
-Forms walls of air sacs of the lungs and lines blood vessels
Nervous Tissue Characteristics
Description: Neurons are branching cells cell processes that might be quite long
extend from the nucleus-containing cell body. Also contributing to nervous tissue are
non irritable supporting cells.
Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors
(muscles and glands) which control their activity.
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM
LESSONS 1-4 OBJECTIVES
INCLUDING SKELETAL SYSTEM
(NOT CRANIAL BONES)
Explain the principle of complementarity.
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure
examples.) bones support and protect body organs because they contain hard
mineral deposits and, blood flows in one direction through the heart because the
heart has valves that prevent back flow.
Levels of structural organization (in order of increasing complexity)
1) Chemical Level- At this level atoms, tiny building blocks of matter combine to form
molecules such as water and proteins.
2) Cellular Level- All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary
widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.
3) Tissue Level- Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
4) Organ Level- Organs are made up of different tissues.
5) Organ (System) level- Organ systems consist of different organs that work
together closely.
6) Organismal Level- The human organism is made up of many organ systems.
11 Organ systems of the body (major functions)
1) Integumentary System- Forms the external body covering.
2) Skeletal System- Protects and supports body organs.
3) Muscular System- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expressions.
4) Lymphatic System- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the
blood
5) Respiratory System- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide.
6) Digestive System- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells.
7) Nervous System- Fast acting control system of the body.
8) Endocrine System- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.
9)Cardiovascular System- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients , wastes, etc.
10) Urinary System- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
11) Reproductive System- Overall function is production of offspring.
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback Mechanisms- In these systems, the output shuts off the original
stimulus or reduces intensity. Examples: Regulation of body temperatures;
Withdrawal Reflex in which the hand is jerked away from a painful stimulus such as a
broken glass; As blood volume drops, the hypothalamus of the brain is stimulated to
, release ADH to the blood.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms- The result or response enhances the original
stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Examples: Homeostatic mechanisms are
the enhancement of labor contractions during birth and blood clotting.
Homeostatic Imbalance and Disease.
Most disease can be regarded as a result of the disturbance of homeostasis, which
is known as homeostatic imbalance. Any abnormal condition is known as
homeostatic imbalance.
Dorsal Posterior Cavity
Cranial and Spinal & protects delicate organs (brain and spinal cord)
Ventral (Anterior Cavity)
Thoracic Cavity; ribcage and its organs (heart, lungs, etc.)
Abdominopelvic cavity (largest cavity); allows for size and shape change
9 Regions of Abdominopelvic Regions
1) Right Hypchondriac Region (Top right) Organ: Liver Gallbladder
2) Right Lumbar Region (Middle Right) Organs: Ascending Colon of large intestine
3) Right Iliac (inguinal) region- Cecum
4) Epigastric Region (middle top) Organs: Stomach
5) Umbilical Region (middle middle) Organs: Small intestine and Transverse colon of
large intestine.
6) Hypogastric (pubic) region (Bottom middle) Organs: Urinary Bladder
7) Left Hypochondriac Region (Top left) Organs: Diaphragm
8) Left Lumbar Region (Middle Left) Organs: Descending colon of large intestine.
9) Left Illiac (inguinal) region (Bottom Left) Organ: Initial part of sigmoid colon
Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants
1) Right upper Quadrant
2) Left upper quadrant
3) Right lower Quadrant
4) Left lower quadrant
Structure of the Generalized Cell
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, golgi body,
mitochondrion, lysosome. For picture refer to page 66.
Connective tissue
binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection,
support, and integration of all parts of the body.
Epithelial Tissue (Simple squamous)
Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse
cytoplasm. Simplest of the epithelia.
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration. Secretes lubricating
substances in serosae
-Forms walls of air sacs of the lungs and lines blood vessels
Nervous Tissue Characteristics
Description: Neurons are branching cells cell processes that might be quite long
extend from the nucleus-containing cell body. Also contributing to nervous tissue are
non irritable supporting cells.
Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors
(muscles and glands) which control their activity.
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
