A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - (answer)hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - (answer)Hormones are chemical messengers that are
responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - (answer)Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into
glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing
blood glucose concentration and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances
synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - (answer)is a chemical signal sent between members of
the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - (answer)Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback.
This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is
secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. - (answer)Paracrine -
hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target
cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Describe steroid hormones. - (answer)Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones
diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor
molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the
cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - (answer)They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those
secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - (answer)Describe normal blood: number of each
cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-
6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - (answer)Rh positive - presence of
antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood
cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these create
different blood types? - (answer)Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in
its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is the
universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
(It is the universal donor).
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - (answer)Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - (answer)RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and
platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - (answer)Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - (answer)O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+
receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - (answer)4,600,000-6,200,000 in
males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Compare serum versus plasma. - (answer)Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which blood cells,
nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
What is hematocrit? - (answer)percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - (answer)hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - (answer)Hormones are chemical messengers that are
responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - (answer)Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into
glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing
blood glucose concentration and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances
synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - (answer)is a chemical signal sent between members of
the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - (answer)Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback.
This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is
secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. - (answer)Paracrine -
hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target
cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Describe steroid hormones. - (answer)Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones
diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor
molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the
cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - (answer)They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those
secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - (answer)Describe normal blood: number of each
cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-
6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - (answer)Rh positive - presence of
antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood
cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these create
different blood types? - (answer)Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in
its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is the
universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
(It is the universal donor).
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - (answer)Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - (answer)RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and
platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - (answer)Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - (answer)O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+
receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech | 2025|2026 EXAM UPDATE Verified
Anatomy & Physiology II Study guide
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - (answer)4,600,000-6,200,000 in
males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Compare serum versus plasma. - (answer)Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which blood cells,
nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
What is hematocrit? - (answer)percent of blood volume that is RBCs
