ENDOCRINOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY PREPARATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+

ENDOCRINOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

● *Insulin, Short Acting*:
- Drugs:
- Clinical use: Answer: Drugs:
- *Regular Insulin*
(Human Recombinant Insulin without AA Modifications)


Clinical use:
→ *Short Acting*
- Type 1 DM
- Type 2 DM
- Gestational DM
- *DKA (IV)*
- Hyperkalemia (+ Glucose)
- Stress Hyperglycemia


● *Insulin, Intermediate Acting*
- Drugs:

,- Clinical use: Answer: Drugs:
- *NPH*
(Human Recombinant Insulin without AA Modifications)


Clinical use:
→ *Intermediate Acting*
- Type 1 DM
- Type 2 DM
- Gestational DM


● *Insulin, Long Acting*
- Drugs:
- Clinical Use: Answer: Drugs:
- *Detemir*
- *Glargine*


Clinical Use:
→ *Basal/Fasting Glucose Control*
→ *Long Acting*
- Type 1 DM
- Type 2 DM
- Gestational DM

, ● *Biguanides: Metformin*
- Clinical Use:
- Action:
- Side Effects: Answer: Clinical Use:
- *First-Line Therapy* in Type 2 DM
- Modest *Weight Loss*


Action:
- *Inhibit Hepatic Gluconeogenesis*
- *Inhibits Glucagon*
- ↑Glycolysis
- ↑Peripheral Glucose Uptake
(*↑Insulin Sensitivity*)


Side Effects:
*Lactic Acidosis*
(Contraindicated in *Renal Failure*: Monitor *Creatinine*)


● *Sulfonylureas*:
- Drugs:
- Clinical Use: