Chemistry Quick
Revision Guide
Notes for 0653 Combined Science
Written by BN Mupeti
Email
2nd Edition © 2024
,CONTENTS………. PAGE NUMBER………….
Chemistry
C1. States of matter 01
C2. Atoms, elements and compounds 03
C3. Stoichiometry 10
C4. Electrochemistry 14
C5. Chemical energetics 17
C6. Chemical reactions 17
C7. Acids, bases and salts 22
C8. The Periodic Table 26
C9. Metals 27
C10. Chemistry of the environment 31
C11. Organic chemistry 32
C12. Experimental Techniques and chemical analysis 37
Email for any inquiries
All the best in your exams
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
C1: States of matter
The distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
Solids
Fixed shape and volume Solids cannot be compressed
Particles closely packed and
vibrate in a fixed position
Liquids
Take the shape of the container Particles free to move
Fixed volume Liquids flow
Particles close together, but not as Liquids cannot be compressed
close as solid particles.
Gases
No fixed shape or volume
Particles widely spaced i.e. they spread out to fill the available volume of space
Can be compressed
The structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement
and types of motion
Property Solids liquids Gases
Particle separation close close, but not as close as in solids far apart
Arrangement of particles regular random random
Motion of particles vibrational translational translational
* Translational motion is motion from one place to another
The changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and
condensation
1. Melting: Solid → Liquid (e.g., ice → water)
2. Boiling: Liquid → Gas (e.g., water → steam)
3. Evaporation: Liquid → Gas (only surface particles have sufficient energy to
evaporate)
4. Freezing: Liquid → Solid (e.g., water → ice)
5. Condensing: Gas → Liquid (e.g., water vapour → dew)
1. Melting: Occurs at the melting point. Particles absorb heat and vibrate more
vigorously, allowing them to overcome the attractive forces holding them in fixed
positions.
2. Boiling: Occurs at the boiling point. Particles absorb heat and gain more kinetic
energy. The particles move fast enough to completely overcome the forces of
attraction acting between them.
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 1 of 41
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
3. Evaporation: Occurs below the boiling point. Particles at the surface gain sufficient
energy to escape into the surroundings.
4. Freezing: Occurs at the melting point. Particles release heat and move more slowly.
Attractive forces are formed and the particles are held in a fixed and orderly
arrangement.
5. Condensation: Occurs at the boiling point. Particles release heat and move more
slowly. The forces of attraction are then able to hold the particles closely.
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Gas Volume
Temperature:
Increase in temperature → Increase in Particles gain energy, move faster, and
volume spread out
Pressure:
Increase in pressure → Decrease in Particles are forced closer, reducing
volume spacing
Changes of state in terms of kinetic particle theory
Key Principles:
1. Particles are in constant motion: Kinetic energy increases with temperature.
2. Particle spacing increases with energy: Higher energy = more space between
particles.
3. Forces between particles: Attractive forces influence particle behaviour.
Changes of State Explained by the kinetic particle theory:
Solid to Liquid (Melting)
Kinetic energy increases
Particles vibrate faster and break free from rigid structure
Spacing increases, but particles are still touch
Liquid to Gas (Boiling/Evaporation)
Kinetic energy further increases
Particles gain enough energy to break free from surface tension
Spacing significantly increases, particles move freely
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 2 of 41
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
Gas to Liquid (Condensation)
Kinetic energy decreases
Particles slowdown, come together, and form droplets
Spacing decreases, attractive forces strengthen
Liquid to Solid (Freezing)
Kinetic energy decreases further
Particles slow down, and are re-arranged in a regular/orderly manner
Spacing further decreases, and even stronger attractive forces are established
C2: Atoms, Elements and Compounds
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
Elements Mixtures Compounds
Atoms Made up of one type Made up of more Made up of more than
of atom than one type of atom one type of atom
Can be separated by No Yes No
physical means
Pure substance Yes No Yes
Classify the following as either elements or compounds: water, ammonia gas, chlorine
gas, sodium chloride, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, iron, copper sulfate, carbon dioxide gas.
Answers:
Elements are chlorine gas, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas and iron.
Compounds are water, ammonia gas, sodium chloride, copper sulfate and carbon
dioxide gas.
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 3 of 41
Revision Guide
Notes for 0653 Combined Science
Written by BN Mupeti
2nd Edition © 2024
,CONTENTS………. PAGE NUMBER………….
Chemistry
C1. States of matter 01
C2. Atoms, elements and compounds 03
C3. Stoichiometry 10
C4. Electrochemistry 14
C5. Chemical energetics 17
C6. Chemical reactions 17
C7. Acids, bases and salts 22
C8. The Periodic Table 26
C9. Metals 27
C10. Chemistry of the environment 31
C11. Organic chemistry 32
C12. Experimental Techniques and chemical analysis 37
Email for any inquiries
All the best in your exams
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
C1: States of matter
The distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
Solids
Fixed shape and volume Solids cannot be compressed
Particles closely packed and
vibrate in a fixed position
Liquids
Take the shape of the container Particles free to move
Fixed volume Liquids flow
Particles close together, but not as Liquids cannot be compressed
close as solid particles.
Gases
No fixed shape or volume
Particles widely spaced i.e. they spread out to fill the available volume of space
Can be compressed
The structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement
and types of motion
Property Solids liquids Gases
Particle separation close close, but not as close as in solids far apart
Arrangement of particles regular random random
Motion of particles vibrational translational translational
* Translational motion is motion from one place to another
The changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and
condensation
1. Melting: Solid → Liquid (e.g., ice → water)
2. Boiling: Liquid → Gas (e.g., water → steam)
3. Evaporation: Liquid → Gas (only surface particles have sufficient energy to
evaporate)
4. Freezing: Liquid → Solid (e.g., water → ice)
5. Condensing: Gas → Liquid (e.g., water vapour → dew)
1. Melting: Occurs at the melting point. Particles absorb heat and vibrate more
vigorously, allowing them to overcome the attractive forces holding them in fixed
positions.
2. Boiling: Occurs at the boiling point. Particles absorb heat and gain more kinetic
energy. The particles move fast enough to completely overcome the forces of
attraction acting between them.
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 1 of 41
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
3. Evaporation: Occurs below the boiling point. Particles at the surface gain sufficient
energy to escape into the surroundings.
4. Freezing: Occurs at the melting point. Particles release heat and move more slowly.
Attractive forces are formed and the particles are held in a fixed and orderly
arrangement.
5. Condensation: Occurs at the boiling point. Particles release heat and move more
slowly. The forces of attraction are then able to hold the particles closely.
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Gas Volume
Temperature:
Increase in temperature → Increase in Particles gain energy, move faster, and
volume spread out
Pressure:
Increase in pressure → Decrease in Particles are forced closer, reducing
volume spacing
Changes of state in terms of kinetic particle theory
Key Principles:
1. Particles are in constant motion: Kinetic energy increases with temperature.
2. Particle spacing increases with energy: Higher energy = more space between
particles.
3. Forces between particles: Attractive forces influence particle behaviour.
Changes of State Explained by the kinetic particle theory:
Solid to Liquid (Melting)
Kinetic energy increases
Particles vibrate faster and break free from rigid structure
Spacing increases, but particles are still touch
Liquid to Gas (Boiling/Evaporation)
Kinetic energy further increases
Particles gain enough energy to break free from surface tension
Spacing significantly increases, particles move freely
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 2 of 41
, Brian Nathan Mupeti email:
Gas to Liquid (Condensation)
Kinetic energy decreases
Particles slowdown, come together, and form droplets
Spacing decreases, attractive forces strengthen
Liquid to Solid (Freezing)
Kinetic energy decreases further
Particles slow down, and are re-arranged in a regular/orderly manner
Spacing further decreases, and even stronger attractive forces are established
C2: Atoms, Elements and Compounds
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
Elements Mixtures Compounds
Atoms Made up of one type Made up of more Made up of more than
of atom than one type of atom one type of atom
Can be separated by No Yes No
physical means
Pure substance Yes No Yes
Classify the following as either elements or compounds: water, ammonia gas, chlorine
gas, sodium chloride, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, iron, copper sulfate, carbon dioxide gas.
Answers:
Elements are chlorine gas, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas and iron.
Compounds are water, ammonia gas, sodium chloride, copper sulfate and carbon
dioxide gas.
0653 Quick Revision Chemistry 2 nd Edition written by B.N Mupeti © 2024 Page 3 of 41
