FINAL EXAM NR509 PRACTICE SOLUTION
2026 VIEW AHEAD TESTED SET
◉ When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses
should do when the arm. Answer: may be fixed to skin or underlying
tissues (may cause dimpling of skin or retraction when arms are
lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips)
◉ Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility. Answer: very mobile/mobile
◉ Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during
________. Answer: BSE
◉ Breast stage 1. Answer: preadolescent- elevation of nipple only
◉ Breast stage 2. Answer: breast bud stage- elevation of breast and
nipple as a small mound; enlargement of areolar diameter
◉ breast stage 3. Answer: further enlargement of elevation of breast
and areola, with no separation of their contours
◉ breast stage 4. Answer: projection of areola and nipple to form a
secondary mound above the level of breast
,◉ breast stage 5. Answer: mature stage- projection of nipple only;
areola has receded to general contour of the breast (although in
some individuals the areola continues to form a secondary mound)
◉ Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute. Answer:
epigastric, may radiation straight to the back of other areas of the
abdomen; 20% with severe sequelae of organ failure
◉ Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic. Answer:
epigastric, radiating to back
◉ Know how hepatitis A is transmitted. Answer: Transmitted
through fecal-oral route. Fecal shedding followed by poor
handwashing contaminates water and foods leading to infection of
household and sexual contacts
◉ Stress incontinence. Answer: the urethral sphincter is weakened
so that transient increases in intra-abdominal pressure raise the
bladder pressure to levels that exceed urethral resistance. Causes
include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal atrophy of the
mucosa, and urethral infection. May follow prostate surgery in men.
◉ urge incontinence. Answer: detrusor contractions are stronger
than normal and overcome the normal urethral resistance. The
, bladder is typically small. Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition
of detrusor contractions from stroke, brain tumor, dementia, and
lesions of the spinal cord above sacral level. Also hyperexcitability of
sensory pathways ie: bladder infections, tumors, and fecal
impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary
voiding at low bladder volumes.
◉ overflow incontinence. Answer: detrusor contractions are
insufficient to overcome urethral resistance, causing urinary
retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and large, even after an
effort to void. Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie: BPH
or tumor. Weakness of the detrusor muscle associated with
peripheral nerve disease at S2-4 level. Impaired bladder sensation
that interrupts the reflex arc ie: diabetic neuropathy.
◉ functional incontinence. Answer: the patient is functionally able to
reach the toilet in time because of impaired health or environmental
conditions. Mechanism: problems in mobility resulting from
weakness, arthritis, poor vision, or other conditions. Also
environmental factors such as an unfamiliar setting, distant
bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints.
◉ Incontinence secondary to medications. Answer: drugs may
contribute to any type of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives,
tranquilizers, anticholinergics, sympathetic blockers, and potent
diuretics
2026 VIEW AHEAD TESTED SET
◉ When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses
should do when the arm. Answer: may be fixed to skin or underlying
tissues (may cause dimpling of skin or retraction when arms are
lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips)
◉ Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility. Answer: very mobile/mobile
◉ Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during
________. Answer: BSE
◉ Breast stage 1. Answer: preadolescent- elevation of nipple only
◉ Breast stage 2. Answer: breast bud stage- elevation of breast and
nipple as a small mound; enlargement of areolar diameter
◉ breast stage 3. Answer: further enlargement of elevation of breast
and areola, with no separation of their contours
◉ breast stage 4. Answer: projection of areola and nipple to form a
secondary mound above the level of breast
,◉ breast stage 5. Answer: mature stage- projection of nipple only;
areola has receded to general contour of the breast (although in
some individuals the areola continues to form a secondary mound)
◉ Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute. Answer:
epigastric, may radiation straight to the back of other areas of the
abdomen; 20% with severe sequelae of organ failure
◉ Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic. Answer:
epigastric, radiating to back
◉ Know how hepatitis A is transmitted. Answer: Transmitted
through fecal-oral route. Fecal shedding followed by poor
handwashing contaminates water and foods leading to infection of
household and sexual contacts
◉ Stress incontinence. Answer: the urethral sphincter is weakened
so that transient increases in intra-abdominal pressure raise the
bladder pressure to levels that exceed urethral resistance. Causes
include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal atrophy of the
mucosa, and urethral infection. May follow prostate surgery in men.
◉ urge incontinence. Answer: detrusor contractions are stronger
than normal and overcome the normal urethral resistance. The
, bladder is typically small. Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition
of detrusor contractions from stroke, brain tumor, dementia, and
lesions of the spinal cord above sacral level. Also hyperexcitability of
sensory pathways ie: bladder infections, tumors, and fecal
impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary
voiding at low bladder volumes.
◉ overflow incontinence. Answer: detrusor contractions are
insufficient to overcome urethral resistance, causing urinary
retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and large, even after an
effort to void. Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie: BPH
or tumor. Weakness of the detrusor muscle associated with
peripheral nerve disease at S2-4 level. Impaired bladder sensation
that interrupts the reflex arc ie: diabetic neuropathy.
◉ functional incontinence. Answer: the patient is functionally able to
reach the toilet in time because of impaired health or environmental
conditions. Mechanism: problems in mobility resulting from
weakness, arthritis, poor vision, or other conditions. Also
environmental factors such as an unfamiliar setting, distant
bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints.
◉ Incontinence secondary to medications. Answer: drugs may
contribute to any type of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives,
tranquilizers, anticholinergics, sympathetic blockers, and potent
diuretics
