FINAL ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY CARE OF
THE FUNDAMENTALS CERTIFICATION TEST
2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Ipatropium. Answer: anticholinergic muscarinic antagonist used
to treat COPD. Bronchodilator. Can be used off label for asthma. Can
be combined with a beta 2 agonists because the two medications
promote bronchodilation via different mechanisms.
◉ Ipatropium adverse effects. Answer: paradoxic acute
bronchospam, cough hoarseness, throat irritation
◉ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: Manage airway inflammation;
specifically, antagonist of IgE or interleukin receptors.
◉ Monoclonal antibodies indications. Answer: For allergic asthma
not responsive to glucocorticoids.
◉ How are monoclonal antibodies administered?. Answer: SubQ
◉ Example of a monoclonal antibody for asthma. Answer:
Omalizumab
,◉ Monoclonal antibodies black box warning. Answer: Anaphylaxis
may occur at any time during treatment. Carry an epi pen.
◉ Bronchodilators MOA. Answer: Symptomatic relief for asthma and
copd . First line treatment for asthma.
◉ Most effective bronchodilator. Answer: Beta2 agonists
◉ Beta 2 agonists. Answer: albuterol, salmeterol
◉ short acting beta 2 agonists. Answer: albuterol, levalbuterol
As needed for attacks. Can be used prior to exercise to prevent an
attack.
◉ long acting beta 2 agonists. Answer: Salmeterol
Formoterol
For patients with frequent asthma attacks (combined with a
glucocorticoids). Can be used alone for stable COPD
◉ Bronchodilator adverse effects. Answer: restlessness, palpitations,
tremors. More pronounced with oral beta agonists because they are
not completely selective for the lungs.
, ◉ Xanthine Derivatives. Answer: Plant alkaloids: caffeine,
theobromine, and theophylline
Only theophylline is used as a bronchodilator
◉ Methylxanthines MOA. Answer: Smooth muscle
relaxation/bronchodilation. CNS excitation.
◉ Theophylline indications. Answer: Only asthma, not COPD
◉ Theophylline adverse effects. Answer: Dysthymia, convulsions,
check blood levels.
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists. Answer: Montelukast
(Singulair), zafirlukast
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists administration. Answer: Oral.
Pill.
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists indications. Answer: Anti-
inflammatory for asthma and COPD as second line or add-on
therapy.
THE FUNDAMENTALS CERTIFICATION TEST
2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Ipatropium. Answer: anticholinergic muscarinic antagonist used
to treat COPD. Bronchodilator. Can be used off label for asthma. Can
be combined with a beta 2 agonists because the two medications
promote bronchodilation via different mechanisms.
◉ Ipatropium adverse effects. Answer: paradoxic acute
bronchospam, cough hoarseness, throat irritation
◉ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: Manage airway inflammation;
specifically, antagonist of IgE or interleukin receptors.
◉ Monoclonal antibodies indications. Answer: For allergic asthma
not responsive to glucocorticoids.
◉ How are monoclonal antibodies administered?. Answer: SubQ
◉ Example of a monoclonal antibody for asthma. Answer:
Omalizumab
,◉ Monoclonal antibodies black box warning. Answer: Anaphylaxis
may occur at any time during treatment. Carry an epi pen.
◉ Bronchodilators MOA. Answer: Symptomatic relief for asthma and
copd . First line treatment for asthma.
◉ Most effective bronchodilator. Answer: Beta2 agonists
◉ Beta 2 agonists. Answer: albuterol, salmeterol
◉ short acting beta 2 agonists. Answer: albuterol, levalbuterol
As needed for attacks. Can be used prior to exercise to prevent an
attack.
◉ long acting beta 2 agonists. Answer: Salmeterol
Formoterol
For patients with frequent asthma attacks (combined with a
glucocorticoids). Can be used alone for stable COPD
◉ Bronchodilator adverse effects. Answer: restlessness, palpitations,
tremors. More pronounced with oral beta agonists because they are
not completely selective for the lungs.
, ◉ Xanthine Derivatives. Answer: Plant alkaloids: caffeine,
theobromine, and theophylline
Only theophylline is used as a bronchodilator
◉ Methylxanthines MOA. Answer: Smooth muscle
relaxation/bronchodilation. CNS excitation.
◉ Theophylline indications. Answer: Only asthma, not COPD
◉ Theophylline adverse effects. Answer: Dysthymia, convulsions,
check blood levels.
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists. Answer: Montelukast
(Singulair), zafirlukast
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists administration. Answer: Oral.
Pill.
◉ Leukotrine receptor antagonists indications. Answer: Anti-
inflammatory for asthma and COPD as second line or add-on
therapy.
