FINAL ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY CARE OF
THE FUNDAMENTALS PRACTICE SOLUTION
2026 VIEW AHEAD TESTED SET
◉ Beer's Criteria. Answer: identifies drugs with a high likelihood of
causing adverse effects in older adults. Accordingly, drugs on this list
should generally be avoided in adults older than 65 years except
when the benefits are significantly greater than the risks.
◉ Pharmacodynamics. Answer: the study of the biochemical and
physiologic effects of drugs on the body and the molecular
mechanisms by which those effects are produced
◉ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: the study of drug movement
throughout the body
◉ Pharmacogenomics. Answer: the study of how genes affect a
person's response to drugs. The purpose of this is to combine the
sciences of genomics and pharmacology to provide individualized,
targeted, safe drug therapies to patients
◉ CYP450 inducers. Answer: Inducers are xenobiotics (medications
and environmental agents) that elevate CYP450 enzyme activity by
increasing enzyme synthesis. This action leads to additional sites
,available for biotransformation. The increased number of sites
enhances medication metabolism, decreasing the concentration of
the "parent drug" while increasing metabolite production.
Inducers = Increase medication metabolism
(Carbamazepine, Rifampin, Alcohol, Phenytoin, Griseofulvin,
Phenobarbital, Sulfonylureas)
◉ CYP450 inhibitors. Answer: Inhibitors are medications that
inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes.
Medications that inhibit an enzyme potentially slows that enzyme's
activity or blocks the activity required for the metabolism of other
medications, thereby increasing the levels of medications dependent
on that particular enzyme for biotransformation. Inhibitors =
decrease medication metabolism (Valproate, Isoniazid,
Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Ketoconazole,
Grapefruit Juice, Quinidine)
◉ cultural influences in prescribing. Answer: The greatest concern
surrounding race-based therapy has to do with genetic variability.
We know there is great diversity within and among racial groups;
therefore, a "one fits all" approach based on race is unwise. Still, we
can use known associations to guide choices. For example,
differences in metabolism between people with East Asian and
European heritage are common. The provider can use this
,knowledge to guide initial dosing (with adjustment, as indicated
based on response) if genetic testing is not feasible or warranted
◉ Polypharmacy: Definition, challenges, and outcomes. Answer:
treatment with multiple drugs
greatly increases the risk for interactions. Some of these interactions
are negligible, but some can have life-threatening consequences. It is
of crucial importance to ask the patient about all current drugs,
including over-the-counter (OTC) medications and other herbal
preparations. Many patients do not consider OTC or alternative
pharmaceuticals as "medications" and may not mention them unless
you ask specifically.
◉ Acute Pain Management. Answer:
◉ Chronic Pain Management. Answer:
◉ Opioid Management. Answer:
◉ Regulations of Controlled Substances. Answer: The U.S.
Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) coordinates
with local, state, and federal agents to reduce illicit drug use. The
DEA enacted the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970 to
regulate drugs and other substances based on their potential for
, abuse and dependency. Five schedules of controlled substances were
created that are updated annually. Classes of scheduled substances
include narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and
anabolic steroids. The DEA issues eligible providers with a
registration number to write prescriptions for controlled
substances. Characteristics of a valid DEA number include:
-The first letter identifies the type of provider: A=before 1985;
B=after 1985; F=after 2007; M=nurse practitioner or physician
assistant
-The 2nd letter the 1st letter of the provider's last name at the time
of initial registration
Example: Tammy Greene applies for and receives a DEA number of
MG2705208
M=nurse practitioner and G=Greene
◉ Opioid Epidemic & Responsible Prescribing. Answer:
◉ Opioid Use Disorder. Answer: a pattern of use that leads to
significant impairment or distress. Typically, this disorder is marked
by unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control use resulting in the
inability to fulfill work, school, or home responsibilities. Opioid use
disorder is different from drug tolerance and physical dependence,
which may also exist. Opioid use creates high levels of positive
reinforcement, increasing the likelihood of continued use. It is often
a chronic lifelong disorder, leading to serious consequences such as
THE FUNDAMENTALS PRACTICE SOLUTION
2026 VIEW AHEAD TESTED SET
◉ Beer's Criteria. Answer: identifies drugs with a high likelihood of
causing adverse effects in older adults. Accordingly, drugs on this list
should generally be avoided in adults older than 65 years except
when the benefits are significantly greater than the risks.
◉ Pharmacodynamics. Answer: the study of the biochemical and
physiologic effects of drugs on the body and the molecular
mechanisms by which those effects are produced
◉ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: the study of drug movement
throughout the body
◉ Pharmacogenomics. Answer: the study of how genes affect a
person's response to drugs. The purpose of this is to combine the
sciences of genomics and pharmacology to provide individualized,
targeted, safe drug therapies to patients
◉ CYP450 inducers. Answer: Inducers are xenobiotics (medications
and environmental agents) that elevate CYP450 enzyme activity by
increasing enzyme synthesis. This action leads to additional sites
,available for biotransformation. The increased number of sites
enhances medication metabolism, decreasing the concentration of
the "parent drug" while increasing metabolite production.
Inducers = Increase medication metabolism
(Carbamazepine, Rifampin, Alcohol, Phenytoin, Griseofulvin,
Phenobarbital, Sulfonylureas)
◉ CYP450 inhibitors. Answer: Inhibitors are medications that
inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes.
Medications that inhibit an enzyme potentially slows that enzyme's
activity or blocks the activity required for the metabolism of other
medications, thereby increasing the levels of medications dependent
on that particular enzyme for biotransformation. Inhibitors =
decrease medication metabolism (Valproate, Isoniazid,
Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Ketoconazole,
Grapefruit Juice, Quinidine)
◉ cultural influences in prescribing. Answer: The greatest concern
surrounding race-based therapy has to do with genetic variability.
We know there is great diversity within and among racial groups;
therefore, a "one fits all" approach based on race is unwise. Still, we
can use known associations to guide choices. For example,
differences in metabolism between people with East Asian and
European heritage are common. The provider can use this
,knowledge to guide initial dosing (with adjustment, as indicated
based on response) if genetic testing is not feasible or warranted
◉ Polypharmacy: Definition, challenges, and outcomes. Answer:
treatment with multiple drugs
greatly increases the risk for interactions. Some of these interactions
are negligible, but some can have life-threatening consequences. It is
of crucial importance to ask the patient about all current drugs,
including over-the-counter (OTC) medications and other herbal
preparations. Many patients do not consider OTC or alternative
pharmaceuticals as "medications" and may not mention them unless
you ask specifically.
◉ Acute Pain Management. Answer:
◉ Chronic Pain Management. Answer:
◉ Opioid Management. Answer:
◉ Regulations of Controlled Substances. Answer: The U.S.
Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) coordinates
with local, state, and federal agents to reduce illicit drug use. The
DEA enacted the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970 to
regulate drugs and other substances based on their potential for
, abuse and dependency. Five schedules of controlled substances were
created that are updated annually. Classes of scheduled substances
include narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and
anabolic steroids. The DEA issues eligible providers with a
registration number to write prescriptions for controlled
substances. Characteristics of a valid DEA number include:
-The first letter identifies the type of provider: A=before 1985;
B=after 1985; F=after 2007; M=nurse practitioner or physician
assistant
-The 2nd letter the 1st letter of the provider's last name at the time
of initial registration
Example: Tammy Greene applies for and receives a DEA number of
MG2705208
M=nurse practitioner and G=Greene
◉ Opioid Epidemic & Responsible Prescribing. Answer:
◉ Opioid Use Disorder. Answer: a pattern of use that leads to
significant impairment or distress. Typically, this disorder is marked
by unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control use resulting in the
inability to fulfill work, school, or home responsibilities. Opioid use
disorder is different from drug tolerance and physical dependence,
which may also exist. Opioid use creates high levels of positive
reinforcement, increasing the likelihood of continued use. It is often
a chronic lifelong disorder, leading to serious consequences such as
