Nightingale College Pathophysiology - Final study guide
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1. Describe how Leukemia is classified according to the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or
leukemia is clas- myeloid) and the maturity of the cells (acute or chronic), resulting in four main
sified. types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),
acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Virchow triad The three factors that contribute to the formation of thrombi: alterations in blood
flow (stasis or turbulence), vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability of the blood.
3. Atherosclerosis A condition where plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, causing narrowing and
potential blockage of blood flow, leading to potential complications such as heart
attack and stroke.
4. Compare and A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and may or may not cause
contrast throm- symptoms, while an embolus is a clot or other particle that travels through the
bus and emboli bloodstream and can cause a blockage in a smaller vessel.
5. Laboratory tests Lab tests to evaluate DIC include a complete blood count (CBC), prothrombin time
to evaluate dis- (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen level, D-dimer level,
seminated in- and platelet count.
travascular coag-
ulation (DIC)
6. Shift-to-the-left Refers to an increase in the number of immature white blood cells (bands and
phenomena metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood, often seen in response to infection or
inflammation.
7. Pathophysiology Polycythemia is characterized by an increase in red blood cells, often due to over-
of polycythemia production of erythropoietin or other factors, leading to potential complications
such as thrombosis and hypertension.
8. Clinical mani- The clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, ane-
festations and mia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and recurrent infections. Leukemia pre-
evaluation of sents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and bleeding or bruising.
, Nightingale College Pathophysiology - Final study guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_czr4jj
multiple myelo- Burkitt lymphoma presents with rapid-onset swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night
ma, leukemias, sweats, and weight loss. Evaluation may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsy,
and Burkitt lym- and imaging studies.
phoma.
9. General patho- Leukemia is a malignant proliferation of white blood cells in the bone mar-
physiology of row. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder that leads to the
leukemia, dis- formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. Essential
seminated in- thrombocythemia is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many
travascular co- platelets. Hemochromatosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of iron
agulation, es- in various tissues of the body.
sential throm-
bocythemia, he-
mochromatosis
10. Clinical presenta- Lymphoma may present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
tion of lymphoma weight loss, and fatigue.
11. Pathophysiology Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that arises from immature T or B
of lymphoblastic lymphocytes. DIC is a disorder that leads to the formation of blood clots in small
lymphoma and blood vessels throughout the body, which can cause organ damage and bleeding.
disseminated
intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
12. Pathophysiology Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
and clinical It can cause bone pain, fatigue, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency and
manifestations recurrent infections. The excessive production of abnormal plasma cells also leads
of multiple to the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which can cause hyperviscosity
myeloma syndrome, amyloidosis, and renal damage.
13. Risk factors
associated with
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_czr4jj
1. Describe how Leukemia is classified according to the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or
leukemia is clas- myeloid) and the maturity of the cells (acute or chronic), resulting in four main
sified. types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),
acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Virchow triad The three factors that contribute to the formation of thrombi: alterations in blood
flow (stasis or turbulence), vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability of the blood.
3. Atherosclerosis A condition where plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, causing narrowing and
potential blockage of blood flow, leading to potential complications such as heart
attack and stroke.
4. Compare and A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and may or may not cause
contrast throm- symptoms, while an embolus is a clot or other particle that travels through the
bus and emboli bloodstream and can cause a blockage in a smaller vessel.
5. Laboratory tests Lab tests to evaluate DIC include a complete blood count (CBC), prothrombin time
to evaluate dis- (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen level, D-dimer level,
seminated in- and platelet count.
travascular coag-
ulation (DIC)
6. Shift-to-the-left Refers to an increase in the number of immature white blood cells (bands and
phenomena metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood, often seen in response to infection or
inflammation.
7. Pathophysiology Polycythemia is characterized by an increase in red blood cells, often due to over-
of polycythemia production of erythropoietin or other factors, leading to potential complications
such as thrombosis and hypertension.
8. Clinical mani- The clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, ane-
festations and mia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and recurrent infections. Leukemia pre-
evaluation of sents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and bleeding or bruising.
, Nightingale College Pathophysiology - Final study guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_czr4jj
multiple myelo- Burkitt lymphoma presents with rapid-onset swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night
ma, leukemias, sweats, and weight loss. Evaluation may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsy,
and Burkitt lym- and imaging studies.
phoma.
9. General patho- Leukemia is a malignant proliferation of white blood cells in the bone mar-
physiology of row. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder that leads to the
leukemia, dis- formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. Essential
seminated in- thrombocythemia is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many
travascular co- platelets. Hemochromatosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of iron
agulation, es- in various tissues of the body.
sential throm-
bocythemia, he-
mochromatosis
10. Clinical presenta- Lymphoma may present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
tion of lymphoma weight loss, and fatigue.
11. Pathophysiology Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that arises from immature T or B
of lymphoblastic lymphocytes. DIC is a disorder that leads to the formation of blood clots in small
lymphoma and blood vessels throughout the body, which can cause organ damage and bleeding.
disseminated
intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
12. Pathophysiology Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
and clinical It can cause bone pain, fatigue, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency and
manifestations recurrent infections. The excessive production of abnormal plasma cells also leads
of multiple to the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which can cause hyperviscosity
myeloma syndrome, amyloidosis, and renal damage.
13. Risk factors
associated with
