Approaches Assumptions Methodology Nature vs. Nurture Free will vs. Determinism Hollism vs. Reductionism Gender Bias Culture Bias Ethics Psychology as a Science Real-world Application
Environmental determinism - Based on well-controlled
Control and objectivity -tried to Token econmomy systems -
argues our past conditioning Environmental reductionism - Protection - Procedures like experiments - behaviourists
All behaviour is learned - when maintain these within their Nurture - according to Skinner, these are used in prisons and
history determines all behaviour is broken down into Skinner's box housed animals focused on observable and
we are born our minds are a research, and relied on lab everything we do is the sum psychiatric wards, and work by
Behaviourist behaviour. This ignores any basic stimulus-response units, N/A N/A in harsh, cramped conditions, measurable behaviour in highly-
'blank slate', written on by studies to achieve this. Animals total of our reinforcement rewarding appropriated
possible influence that free will allowing for cause-and-effect and deliberately underfed them controlled lab settings, thereby
experience. often replace humans as history. behaviour with tokens that can
might have (Skinner said free relationships to be established. so that they'd always be hungry. giving Psychology scientific
experimental subjects. be exchanged for priviledges.
will is 'an illusion'). credibility.
Lab studies - many of Nurture - SLT is more all- Recirpocal determinism - not Cultural differences in
All behaviour is learned - we Bandura's ideas were encomapssing than only are we influenced by our Environmental reductionism - Contrived - participants may behaviour - modelling,
learn through experience, but developed through observation behaviourist in that it includes external environment, we also behaviour is broken down into have been responding to imitation, and reinforcement
Social Learning Theory also through observation and of young children's behaviour in learning based on indirect exert an influence upon it basic stimulus-response units, N/A N/A N/A demand characteristics in can explain how cultural norms
imitation of others (i.e. directly the lab, where they may have experience, but still ultimately through the behaviours we allowing for cause-and-effect these lab studies, meaning they are transmitted (e.g. how
and indirectly) responded to demand argues that we are the product choose to perform (i.e. some relationships to be established. lack internal validity. children come to understand
charcteristics. of our environment. element of choice) their gender role).
Soft determinism - human Machine reductionism - the Treating depression - cognitive
Scientific methods - they
Internal mental processes - behaviour is determined by computer analogy of the mind Cognitive neuroscience - the principles have been applied in
employ highly controlled (e.g. Interactionist - innate (nature)
should be studied scientifically internal and external factors ignores the influence of human scientific study of the influence cognitive behaviour therapy
lab studies) and rigorous information processing abilities
Cognitive by making inferences on the but we can also exert our free emotion and motivation on N/A N/A N/A of brain structures on mental (CBT) and rational emotive
methods of study so are constantly being influenced
basis of behaviour (can't be will at times, a more flexible cognition, and how this may processes emerged from the behaviour therapy (REBT) to
researchers are able to infer by experience (nurture).
directly observed). view than the hard determinist affect our ability to process info cognitive approach. improve lives by challenging
congnitive processes.
stance. (e.g. effect of anxiety on EWT) irrational thoughts.
Everything which is Scientific methods - makes Beta bias - bio. research Antidepressant -
Nature - focus on heredity, Biological determinism - Scanning - fMRIs and EEGs are
psychological is at first use of precise and highly Biological reductionism - favours males because females understanding neurochemical
hormones, and chemicals, human behaviour is governed often used to accurately
biological - all thoughts, objective methods like fMRIs attempts to explain behaviour are affected by hormone processes has promoted drug
Biological though interaction with the by internal influences (e.g. N/A N/A measure physiological
feelings, and behaviour and EEGs to accurately in terms of the actions of fluctuations, Taylor et al. (2000) treatment of depression by
environment may also be genes, hormones) over which processes, producing objective
ultimately have a physcial measure physiological and genes, hormones, etc. said that 'fight or flight' doesn’t increasing levels of serotonin at
acknowledged. we have no control. and reliable data.
basis. neural processes objectively. actually apply to females. synapses.
Case studies - ideas were Nature / interactionist - innate Alpha bias - Freud said women Socially sensitive - Freud's Untestable - does not meet the Psychoanalysis - mental
The unconscious mind - Psychic determinism - our
based on the subjective study biological instincts drive are morally inferior because research is socially sensitive scientific criterion of disorders are treated
biological drives and instincts behaviour is determined by
of individuals (e.g. Little Hans), behaviour but unresolved they don’t experience strong because it could have falsification and is not open to psychologically rather than
Psychodynamic influence behaviour and unconscious conflicts rooted in N/A N/A
so it's difficult to make childhood conflicts lead to identification with their same- consequences for women (e.g. empirical testing, suggesting physically by helping clients
personality, unresolved childhood, everything is driven
universal claims about human certain behaviours in adult life sex parent without castration the belief that women are Freud's theory is more deal with repressed emotions
conflicts are repressed. by unconscious forces.
behaviour from this. (fixations). anxiety. morally inferior). pseudoscientific than factual. in their unconscious mind.
Nurture / interactionist - we Individualist/ collectivist - Subjective - rejects more
Self-actualisation - people Ideographic - we are all unique, Free will - human beings are Hollism - subjective experience Maslow's hierarchy of needs -
have basic needs but the focus ideas (e.g. personal growth) scientific models that attempt
have an innate desire to fulfill so psychology should study affected by internal and can only be understood by used to explain motivation,
in on an inividual's experience allign with the values of to establish general laws,
Humanistic their full potential, personal subjective experience rather external influences, but are considering the whole, and N/A N/A particularly in the workplace
of their own environment (i.e. individualist cultures, while psychology should concern
growth is an essential part of than try to establish general ultimately self-determining behaviour must be considered (e.g. basic physiological needs
how you achieve self- collectivist cultures emphasise itself with the study of
what it is to be human. laws of human behaviour. active agents. within its real-world context. like food first).
actualisation). the needs of the group. subjective experience.
Environmental determinism - Based on well-controlled
Control and objectivity -tried to Token econmomy systems -
argues our past conditioning Environmental reductionism - Protection - Procedures like experiments - behaviourists
All behaviour is learned - when maintain these within their Nurture - according to Skinner, these are used in prisons and
history determines all behaviour is broken down into Skinner's box housed animals focused on observable and
we are born our minds are a research, and relied on lab everything we do is the sum psychiatric wards, and work by
Behaviourist behaviour. This ignores any basic stimulus-response units, N/A N/A in harsh, cramped conditions, measurable behaviour in highly-
'blank slate', written on by studies to achieve this. Animals total of our reinforcement rewarding appropriated
possible influence that free will allowing for cause-and-effect and deliberately underfed them controlled lab settings, thereby
experience. often replace humans as history. behaviour with tokens that can
might have (Skinner said free relationships to be established. so that they'd always be hungry. giving Psychology scientific
experimental subjects. be exchanged for priviledges.
will is 'an illusion'). credibility.
Lab studies - many of Nurture - SLT is more all- Recirpocal determinism - not Cultural differences in
All behaviour is learned - we Bandura's ideas were encomapssing than only are we influenced by our Environmental reductionism - Contrived - participants may behaviour - modelling,
learn through experience, but developed through observation behaviourist in that it includes external environment, we also behaviour is broken down into have been responding to imitation, and reinforcement
Social Learning Theory also through observation and of young children's behaviour in learning based on indirect exert an influence upon it basic stimulus-response units, N/A N/A N/A demand characteristics in can explain how cultural norms
imitation of others (i.e. directly the lab, where they may have experience, but still ultimately through the behaviours we allowing for cause-and-effect these lab studies, meaning they are transmitted (e.g. how
and indirectly) responded to demand argues that we are the product choose to perform (i.e. some relationships to be established. lack internal validity. children come to understand
charcteristics. of our environment. element of choice) their gender role).
Soft determinism - human Machine reductionism - the Treating depression - cognitive
Scientific methods - they
Internal mental processes - behaviour is determined by computer analogy of the mind Cognitive neuroscience - the principles have been applied in
employ highly controlled (e.g. Interactionist - innate (nature)
should be studied scientifically internal and external factors ignores the influence of human scientific study of the influence cognitive behaviour therapy
lab studies) and rigorous information processing abilities
Cognitive by making inferences on the but we can also exert our free emotion and motivation on N/A N/A N/A of brain structures on mental (CBT) and rational emotive
methods of study so are constantly being influenced
basis of behaviour (can't be will at times, a more flexible cognition, and how this may processes emerged from the behaviour therapy (REBT) to
researchers are able to infer by experience (nurture).
directly observed). view than the hard determinist affect our ability to process info cognitive approach. improve lives by challenging
congnitive processes.
stance. (e.g. effect of anxiety on EWT) irrational thoughts.
Everything which is Scientific methods - makes Beta bias - bio. research Antidepressant -
Nature - focus on heredity, Biological determinism - Scanning - fMRIs and EEGs are
psychological is at first use of precise and highly Biological reductionism - favours males because females understanding neurochemical
hormones, and chemicals, human behaviour is governed often used to accurately
biological - all thoughts, objective methods like fMRIs attempts to explain behaviour are affected by hormone processes has promoted drug
Biological though interaction with the by internal influences (e.g. N/A N/A measure physiological
feelings, and behaviour and EEGs to accurately in terms of the actions of fluctuations, Taylor et al. (2000) treatment of depression by
environment may also be genes, hormones) over which processes, producing objective
ultimately have a physcial measure physiological and genes, hormones, etc. said that 'fight or flight' doesn’t increasing levels of serotonin at
acknowledged. we have no control. and reliable data.
basis. neural processes objectively. actually apply to females. synapses.
Case studies - ideas were Nature / interactionist - innate Alpha bias - Freud said women Socially sensitive - Freud's Untestable - does not meet the Psychoanalysis - mental
The unconscious mind - Psychic determinism - our
based on the subjective study biological instincts drive are morally inferior because research is socially sensitive scientific criterion of disorders are treated
biological drives and instincts behaviour is determined by
of individuals (e.g. Little Hans), behaviour but unresolved they don’t experience strong because it could have falsification and is not open to psychologically rather than
Psychodynamic influence behaviour and unconscious conflicts rooted in N/A N/A
so it's difficult to make childhood conflicts lead to identification with their same- consequences for women (e.g. empirical testing, suggesting physically by helping clients
personality, unresolved childhood, everything is driven
universal claims about human certain behaviours in adult life sex parent without castration the belief that women are Freud's theory is more deal with repressed emotions
conflicts are repressed. by unconscious forces.
behaviour from this. (fixations). anxiety. morally inferior). pseudoscientific than factual. in their unconscious mind.
Nurture / interactionist - we Individualist/ collectivist - Subjective - rejects more
Self-actualisation - people Ideographic - we are all unique, Free will - human beings are Hollism - subjective experience Maslow's hierarchy of needs -
have basic needs but the focus ideas (e.g. personal growth) scientific models that attempt
have an innate desire to fulfill so psychology should study affected by internal and can only be understood by used to explain motivation,
in on an inividual's experience allign with the values of to establish general laws,
Humanistic their full potential, personal subjective experience rather external influences, but are considering the whole, and N/A N/A particularly in the workplace
of their own environment (i.e. individualist cultures, while psychology should concern
growth is an essential part of than try to establish general ultimately self-determining behaviour must be considered (e.g. basic physiological needs
how you achieve self- collectivist cultures emphasise itself with the study of
what it is to be human. laws of human behaviour. active agents. within its real-world context. like food first).
actualisation). the needs of the group. subjective experience.
