A patient is treated with Cipro for a P. aeruginosa infection. They get better but then
the disease comes back. How did antibiotic resistance evolve?
(a) Directional selection favored a very few cells bacteria that already carried the
gyrase mutation. Once wildtype bateria died off, mutant bacteria could spread.
(b) Mutations in gyrase arose in response to the use of Cipro. The bacteria became
more and more resistant the longer they were exposed until eventually they could
cause disease even in the presence of the Cipro.
(c) The Cipro caused the population to shrink. A gyrase mutation arose to avoid
extinction of the population.
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The answer is (a) b/c mutations occur independent of need.
,What drove the origin of bipedal locomotion?
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- Looking for predators/prey
- Carrying stuff
- Better cooling
What is the strength of selection?
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(mean value of the population) - (mean value of the whole population)
What is directional selection? What is this the main cause of?
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one allele is favored, which tends to increase in frequency
and become fixed. This is the main cause of adaptive
evolution.
Fully opposable thumbs are _______ for making tools.
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, fixation of a trait are planned, so the answer is adaptation.
On a evolutionary tree, where do character changes almost always occur? (Lecture 2)
(a) at the root
(b) at lineage splitting events
(c) between lineage splitting
events
(d) in living species
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(c)
Why was there land invasion?
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There was food there
What was probably present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
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1. RNA
2. chemoautotrophy
3. hyperthermophily
, 4. a prokaryotic cell structure
Calculating allele frequency?
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1. Assign genotype frequencies:
A1A1 = x
A1A2 = y
A2A2 = z
2. Allele Frequencies:
p = x + y/2
q = z + y/2
How did homo features get started?
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First was scavenging
- Breaking open bones for marrow
- Driving away other predators with projectiles
What is the relationship between natural selection and evolution?
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selection is on of a few mechanisms by evolution
the disease comes back. How did antibiotic resistance evolve?
(a) Directional selection favored a very few cells bacteria that already carried the
gyrase mutation. Once wildtype bateria died off, mutant bacteria could spread.
(b) Mutations in gyrase arose in response to the use of Cipro. The bacteria became
more and more resistant the longer they were exposed until eventually they could
cause disease even in the presence of the Cipro.
(c) The Cipro caused the population to shrink. A gyrase mutation arose to avoid
extinction of the population.
Give this one a try later!
The answer is (a) b/c mutations occur independent of need.
,What drove the origin of bipedal locomotion?
Give this one a try later!
- Looking for predators/prey
- Carrying stuff
- Better cooling
What is the strength of selection?
Give this one a try later!
(mean value of the population) - (mean value of the whole population)
What is directional selection? What is this the main cause of?
Give this one a try later!
one allele is favored, which tends to increase in frequency
and become fixed. This is the main cause of adaptive
evolution.
Fully opposable thumbs are _______ for making tools.
Give this one a try later!
, fixation of a trait are planned, so the answer is adaptation.
On a evolutionary tree, where do character changes almost always occur? (Lecture 2)
(a) at the root
(b) at lineage splitting events
(c) between lineage splitting
events
(d) in living species
Give this one a try later!
(c)
Why was there land invasion?
Give this one a try later!
There was food there
What was probably present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
Give this one a try later!
1. RNA
2. chemoautotrophy
3. hyperthermophily
, 4. a prokaryotic cell structure
Calculating allele frequency?
Give this one a try later!
1. Assign genotype frequencies:
A1A1 = x
A1A2 = y
A2A2 = z
2. Allele Frequencies:
p = x + y/2
q = z + y/2
How did homo features get started?
Give this one a try later!
First was scavenging
- Breaking open bones for marrow
- Driving away other predators with projectiles
What is the relationship between natural selection and evolution?
Give this one a try later!
selection is on of a few mechanisms by evolution
