ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE REAL QUESTIONS
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Punctuated Equilibrium Model
Target or mission set that is not easily altered because of
inertia; characterized by equilibrium
Recognition that tactics must change for mission
achievement; characterized by punctuated bursts of activity
to complete task
Types of groups
Primary
Coalitions
Memberships
Reference
In/Out
,Primary Group
Similar to small group in that it has to be small enough for fairly
consistent interaction/communication to occur face to face or
electronically
Different than small group because it also has to have a feeling of
comradeship, loyalty, and sense of values among members
are small groups but not all small groups are __ groups
Coalitions
Interacting group and deliberately constructed for a reason
Independent of formal organizational structure and lacking formal
internal structure
Mutual perception of membership and focused on issues
relevant to members
Membership
those individuals belong to
Reference
those that individuals would like to belong to
,In-Groups/Out-Groups
those that have or share dominant values and those that are outside
looking in
Implications from Research
Individual Effectiveness
Organizational Effectiveness
Highly cohesive group with positive leadership may have highest
possible productivity (e.g. Hawthorne Studies of relay room vs. bank
wiring room)
Individual Effectiveness
Help employees learn about organization and self, gain new skills,
obtain rewards, and fulfill social needs
Organizational Effectiveness
Provide more ideas and skills, improve decision making and control,
and help facilitate change
, group cohesion
Increased by goal agreement, frequency of interaction, personal
attractiveness, competition with other groups, and favorable
evaluations
Decreased by goal disagreement, large size, unpleasant
experiences, competition among group members, and
domination by one or more members
Group/Team Effectivenes & Factors
Task Interdependence
Outcome Interdependence
Potency
Group composition optimal with member types including shapers
(those who define tasks), coordinators, completers, and team
players
Task Interdependence
how closely group members work together
Outcome Interdependence
whether /how group is rewarded