ONS/ ONCC FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL
EXAM 2026 COMPLETE REAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) A NEW
UPDATED VERSION |GUARANTEED PASS.
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major
phases
,During interphase:
Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control
-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell
division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter
cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control
progression through mitosis
,Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins:
1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase
of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs
-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins
-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
, DNA Damage Checkpoints
-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing
or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most
well- understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53
-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
M Phase Checkpoints
When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the
mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed
to continue
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL
EXAM 2026 COMPLETE REAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) A NEW
UPDATED VERSION |GUARANTEED PASS.
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major
phases
,During interphase:
Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control
-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell
division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter
cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control
progression through mitosis
,Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins:
1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase
of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs
-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins
-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
, DNA Damage Checkpoints
-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing
or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most
well- understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53
-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
M Phase Checkpoints
When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the
mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed
to continue
