NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam
Acute renal failure - Answer-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Answer-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Answer-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
, CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Answer-End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined
with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis
to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Answer-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - Answer-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Answer-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
Final Exam
Acute renal failure - Answer-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Answer-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Answer-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Answer-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
, CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Answer-End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined
with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis
to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Answer-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - Answer-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Answer-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
