AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
CHAPTER 1
Definition, History, Present Status & Scope of
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy:-
Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of
structural, physical, chemical and biological characters of crude drugs
along with their history, method of cultivation, collection and preparation
for the market.
The word Pharmacognosy is derived from Greek word viz.
Pharmakon: A Drug
Gignosco : To acquire the knowledge
The Pharmacognosy is the subject of crude drugs obtained from the plant,
Animalsand Minerals origins.
Source of crude drugs:-
Plant Source:- Neem, Babul, Tulsi, Saffron, Clove.
Animal source:- Honey bee, bee wax, Silk, Insulin, Shark, Liver oil, Thyroid.
Mineral source:- Chalk, bentonite, asbestos, talc, kaolin, Fuller's earth.
Micro- Organism: - Antibiotics,
Marine :- Salt, Protozoa, etc.
History of Pharmacognosy
Egyptians wear aware of medicinal uses of several plants and animals and
alsoabout human anatomy.
1|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
The Greek physician Hippocrates (460- 360 B.C) known as 'Father of
medicine'
Aristotle the renowned philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.) is well known for his
studieson animal Kingdom and Theophrastus (370 - 287 B.C.) for the
plants Kingdom.
Pedanius Dioscorides, (040- 080 A.D.) A Greek physician in 78 A.D.
describedseveral plants of medicinal importance in "De Materia Medica".
Pliny the Elder (23-70 A.D.) who compiled 37 volumes of natural history.
Greekpharmacist Galen (131 - 200 A.D.) described various methods of
preparation containing active constituents of crude drugs. The branch of
dealing with the extraction of plant and animal drugs is known as Galenical
Pharmacy.
Indian history of medicinal plants is dated back to 3500 B.C. The curative
properties of plants have been mentioned in the Suktas Of Rigveda and
Atharvaveda.
Ayurveda has also described good number of plants with their therapeutic
properties. The ancient well known known treaties in Ayurveda the
Charak Samhita and Susruta Samhita are written by Charka And Susruta
Respectively.
Scope of Pharmacognosy
The crude drugs are obtained from plants and only a small number comes
fromanimals and mineral origins.
Pharmacognosy has wide and broad scope in the field of Pharmacy and
itsbranches of them are given following:-
2|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
Cultivation and domestication of the medicinal plants.
Analysis and Phytochemical
Preparation of general tonic and stimulation.
The steroid industry
Herbal Preparation herbal medicine
Flavoring agent and perfumes.
Tissue Culture
Phytomedicine
1) Natural Products.
Analysis and Phytochemical:- Many Bioactive biomolecular are
extracted and isolated from the crude drugs. They are analysed by
modern technique such as Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC), High
performance Liquid Chromatography (HPL), Gas Chromatography.
Herbal Preparation herbal medicine:- Herbal medicine have become
morepopular in recent years because it is believe that these do not have
and toxin orside-effects as compare to the modern medicine.
Flavoring agent and perfumes:- Large number of aromatic plants which
are extensively used as Flavoring agent, perfume, spicy and medicine
Ajowan, Lemongrass, etc.
Tissue Culture:- Plant tissue Culture broadly referral to the in-vitro
cultivationof plant seed and various parts of the plants organ embryo,
tissue, single cell protoplast.
Phytomedicine: - Herbal based traditional medicine practice that uses
various plant material in modalities considered both prevention and
therapeutics.
3|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
Classification of Drugs
Introduction:
Drugs are chemical constituents which are obtained by the
natural/herbal sourcesor synthetic source.
Technically and legally the term drug as defined in India under Drugs
andCosmetics Act of 1940 reads as follows.
1. All medicines for internal or external use of human beings or animal
and allsubstances intended to be used for or in diagnosis, treatment,
mitigation or prevention of disease in human beings or animals.
2. Such substances, other than food, intended to affect the structure or
any function of the human body or intended to be used for the
destruction or vermin or insects, which cause disease in human
beings or animals as may be specified from time to time by the Central
government by notification inOfficial Gazette
Classification is required for each drug because they are not similar in
manyexpect like chemical, mode of action, morphological etc. If we are
not classified them then we face many problem that is drug
identification, drug adverse effect, and drug action.
For the identification and separation of drug with each other
classification isrequired in many ways.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS:
Alphabetical classification.
Taxonomical classification.
Morphological classification.
Pharmacological classification.
4|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
CHAPTER 1
Definition, History, Present Status & Scope of
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy:-
Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of
structural, physical, chemical and biological characters of crude drugs
along with their history, method of cultivation, collection and preparation
for the market.
The word Pharmacognosy is derived from Greek word viz.
Pharmakon: A Drug
Gignosco : To acquire the knowledge
The Pharmacognosy is the subject of crude drugs obtained from the plant,
Animalsand Minerals origins.
Source of crude drugs:-
Plant Source:- Neem, Babul, Tulsi, Saffron, Clove.
Animal source:- Honey bee, bee wax, Silk, Insulin, Shark, Liver oil, Thyroid.
Mineral source:- Chalk, bentonite, asbestos, talc, kaolin, Fuller's earth.
Micro- Organism: - Antibiotics,
Marine :- Salt, Protozoa, etc.
History of Pharmacognosy
Egyptians wear aware of medicinal uses of several plants and animals and
alsoabout human anatomy.
1|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
The Greek physician Hippocrates (460- 360 B.C) known as 'Father of
medicine'
Aristotle the renowned philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.) is well known for his
studieson animal Kingdom and Theophrastus (370 - 287 B.C.) for the
plants Kingdom.
Pedanius Dioscorides, (040- 080 A.D.) A Greek physician in 78 A.D.
describedseveral plants of medicinal importance in "De Materia Medica".
Pliny the Elder (23-70 A.D.) who compiled 37 volumes of natural history.
Greekpharmacist Galen (131 - 200 A.D.) described various methods of
preparation containing active constituents of crude drugs. The branch of
dealing with the extraction of plant and animal drugs is known as Galenical
Pharmacy.
Indian history of medicinal plants is dated back to 3500 B.C. The curative
properties of plants have been mentioned in the Suktas Of Rigveda and
Atharvaveda.
Ayurveda has also described good number of plants with their therapeutic
properties. The ancient well known known treaties in Ayurveda the
Charak Samhita and Susruta Samhita are written by Charka And Susruta
Respectively.
Scope of Pharmacognosy
The crude drugs are obtained from plants and only a small number comes
fromanimals and mineral origins.
Pharmacognosy has wide and broad scope in the field of Pharmacy and
itsbranches of them are given following:-
2|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
Cultivation and domestication of the medicinal plants.
Analysis and Phytochemical
Preparation of general tonic and stimulation.
The steroid industry
Herbal Preparation herbal medicine
Flavoring agent and perfumes.
Tissue Culture
Phytomedicine
1) Natural Products.
Analysis and Phytochemical:- Many Bioactive biomolecular are
extracted and isolated from the crude drugs. They are analysed by
modern technique such as Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC), High
performance Liquid Chromatography (HPL), Gas Chromatography.
Herbal Preparation herbal medicine:- Herbal medicine have become
morepopular in recent years because it is believe that these do not have
and toxin orside-effects as compare to the modern medicine.
Flavoring agent and perfumes:- Large number of aromatic plants which
are extensively used as Flavoring agent, perfume, spicy and medicine
Ajowan, Lemongrass, etc.
Tissue Culture:- Plant tissue Culture broadly referral to the in-vitro
cultivationof plant seed and various parts of the plants organ embryo,
tissue, single cell protoplast.
Phytomedicine: - Herbal based traditional medicine practice that uses
various plant material in modalities considered both prevention and
therapeutics.
3|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
, AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack-754022
Classification of Drugs
Introduction:
Drugs are chemical constituents which are obtained by the
natural/herbal sourcesor synthetic source.
Technically and legally the term drug as defined in India under Drugs
andCosmetics Act of 1940 reads as follows.
1. All medicines for internal or external use of human beings or animal
and allsubstances intended to be used for or in diagnosis, treatment,
mitigation or prevention of disease in human beings or animals.
2. Such substances, other than food, intended to affect the structure or
any function of the human body or intended to be used for the
destruction or vermin or insects, which cause disease in human
beings or animals as may be specified from time to time by the Central
government by notification inOfficial Gazette
Classification is required for each drug because they are not similar in
manyexpect like chemical, mode of action, morphological etc. If we are
not classified them then we face many problem that is drug
identification, drug adverse effect, and drug action.
For the identification and separation of drug with each other
classification isrequired in many ways.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS:
Alphabetical classification.
Taxonomical classification.
Morphological classification.
Pharmacological classification.
4|Page PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR D.PHARM FIRST YEAR
