BIOD 171 FINAL EXAM STUDY
1. Microbiology is the study of what?: Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and
viruses) and their biological processes.
2. What is the smallest biological unit of life: cell
3. What is a macromolecule?: A macromolecule is classified as a complex molecule that is composed
from smaller subunits.
4. What are the four main types of macromolecules?: Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates
5. What various functions do proteins have in a cell: Proteins may facilitate the movement
of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes. Others
play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
6. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?: There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical
molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is
responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
7. What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of?: The plasma
membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding
environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of
the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out flux)
,of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
8. What are the three main components of carbohydrates?: Carbohydrates are
com- posed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11
(sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
9. What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?: -
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that contains the genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
10. What are the main morphologies of bacteria?: Bacteria can be described as
coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
11. Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive
under harsh conditions?: Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions
such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor conditions.
, 12. What are the four main classifications of Eukarya?: Eukaryotic microorganisms
are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
13. Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?: No. Viruses are
considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do not replicate on their own,
meaning they must replicate within a host.
14. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what?: The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar
hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is
situated in such a way where the non-polar tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to
interact with water both outside and inside of the cell.
15. What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be
sure to know the roles of each.: Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis), Golgi
(protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP generation) and chloroplasts
(plants only; site of photosynthesis).
16. What is cellular metabolism?: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in
living organisms in order to maintain life.
17. What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?:
En- zymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can
be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper
cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
18. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?: Catabolism is
1. Microbiology is the study of what?: Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and
viruses) and their biological processes.
2. What is the smallest biological unit of life: cell
3. What is a macromolecule?: A macromolecule is classified as a complex molecule that is composed
from smaller subunits.
4. What are the four main types of macromolecules?: Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates
5. What various functions do proteins have in a cell: Proteins may facilitate the movement
of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes. Others
play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
6. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?: There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical
molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is
responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
7. What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of?: The plasma
membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding
environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of
the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out flux)
,of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
8. What are the three main components of carbohydrates?: Carbohydrates are
com- posed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11
(sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
9. What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?: -
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that contains the genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
10. What are the main morphologies of bacteria?: Bacteria can be described as
coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
11. Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive
under harsh conditions?: Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions
such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor conditions.
, 12. What are the four main classifications of Eukarya?: Eukaryotic microorganisms
are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
13. Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?: No. Viruses are
considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do not replicate on their own,
meaning they must replicate within a host.
14. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what?: The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar
hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is
situated in such a way where the non-polar tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to
interact with water both outside and inside of the cell.
15. What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be
sure to know the roles of each.: Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis), Golgi
(protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP generation) and chloroplasts
(plants only; site of photosynthesis).
16. What is cellular metabolism?: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in
living organisms in order to maintain life.
17. What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?:
En- zymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can
be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper
cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
18. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?: Catabolism is
