Bio 252 Exam 1 Notes
Fundamentals Of Human Anatomy And Physiology
(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
,COMBINE THIS GUIDE WITH IMAGES FROM SLIDES & NOTES
Class 2 & 3
- Describe the properties common to all living organisms
a. Cellular composition: cell is the basic unit of life, all organisms are composed of
cells.
b. Metabolism: chemicals are used in/produced by reactions and metabolism is the
sum of these reactions, metabolic processes build up (anabolism) or breakdown
(catabolism) substances for the organism.
c. Growth: building process is outweighing the breakdown process, may lead to
bigger cells or a larger number of cells.
d. Excretion: waste products are removed from the body
e. Responsiveness/Irritability: organisms sense and react to changes in their
environment.
f. Movement: motion of 1+ cells within the organism, motion of the organism itself.
g. Reproduction: individual cells reproduce to grow/replace damaged cells,
organism reproduces to yield similar offspring.
- Explain the major structural levels of organization in the body
a. Chemical level: smallest organization, range from atoms to complex molecules.
b. Cellular level: groups of molecules that form varied cells.
c. Tissue level: 2+ cells cooperate to perform a function, consists of cells and
extracellular matrix, tissues vary from membranes to cartilages.
d. Organ level: 2+ tissue types form an organ that has recognizable shape and
performs specialized tasks.
e. Organ system level: 2+ organs carrying out joint function, 11 organ systems in
the body (integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine).
f. Organism: complete human.
- Describe the function of homeostasis
a. Maintenance of body’s stable internal environment, disturbances lead to
death/disease, variables are regulated with coordinated processes (temp,
chemical comp, body fluid, etc), seek to maintain a narrow range of balance
(normal value).
- Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops
a. Feedback loops are homeostatic control mechanisms where changes in
regulated variables cause side effects that feedback to the same variable.
b. Negative loops: oppose initial change and REDUCE the output, regular variable
moves outside normal range and triggers a negative feedback response →
receptor detects change and sends stimulus to control center → control sends
signal to effectors that cause responses to return variable to normal range →
stimulus stops and and effectors return to normal levels. Ex. temp is too COLD,
muscles start to shiver to produce more HEAT.
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, c. Positive loops: effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus, shuts off
when conditions return to normal. Ex. blood vessels are damaged, PLATELET
sensors activate and body makes more PLATELETS to seal vessel.
d. Stimulus → Receptor → Control Center → Effector → Response
- Describe how structure and function are related
a. Form follows function
- Describe the function of cell-cell communication
a. Cells work in coordinated fashion to ensure homeostasis of the entire organism.
Communication happens through electrical/chemical signals where one cell
triggers a response from another. Electrical signals are between neighbor cells
and chemical can travel.
- Describe the major functions of the nervous system
a. Nervous system controls perception and experience of the world, directs
movement, controls consciousness, and affects personality/learning/memory.
Regulates organ systems (endocrine, HR, BP, temp, sleep, blood, RR).
b. Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental
functions via nerve impulses.
c. Tasks fall into sensory functions, integrative functions, and motor functions.
Class 3 pt. 2
- Discuss the functional divisions of the nervous system
a. Central nervous system (integrative function): brain and spinal cord,
neurons/nerves enable body processes, spinal cord enables communication
between brain and body.
b. Peripheral nervous system (motor and sensory function): consists of all
cranial/spinal nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
- Compare the functions of the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system
a. Sensory (afferent) division: gathers info about the environment of the body,
detect stimuli with receptors.
1. Somatic sensory division: carries sensory stimuli FROM muscles, bones,
joints, and skin TO CNS. Also transmits signals FROM special sensory
division (sight, smell, etc).
2. Visceral sensory division: carries stimuli FROM organs.
b. Motor (efferent) division: motor neurons carry out motor functions, output from
CNS travels via PNS nerves to control contraction of muscles or gland
secretions.
1. Somatic motor division: carries stimuli TO skeletal muscles.
2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS): carries stimuli TO smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, and glands.
- Describe the components of a prototypical neuron
a. Neurons are excitable cells that send/receive signals through action potentials.
They are long lived and vary in size.
messages.downloaded_by
Fundamentals Of Human Anatomy And Physiology
(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
,COMBINE THIS GUIDE WITH IMAGES FROM SLIDES & NOTES
Class 2 & 3
- Describe the properties common to all living organisms
a. Cellular composition: cell is the basic unit of life, all organisms are composed of
cells.
b. Metabolism: chemicals are used in/produced by reactions and metabolism is the
sum of these reactions, metabolic processes build up (anabolism) or breakdown
(catabolism) substances for the organism.
c. Growth: building process is outweighing the breakdown process, may lead to
bigger cells or a larger number of cells.
d. Excretion: waste products are removed from the body
e. Responsiveness/Irritability: organisms sense and react to changes in their
environment.
f. Movement: motion of 1+ cells within the organism, motion of the organism itself.
g. Reproduction: individual cells reproduce to grow/replace damaged cells,
organism reproduces to yield similar offspring.
- Explain the major structural levels of organization in the body
a. Chemical level: smallest organization, range from atoms to complex molecules.
b. Cellular level: groups of molecules that form varied cells.
c. Tissue level: 2+ cells cooperate to perform a function, consists of cells and
extracellular matrix, tissues vary from membranes to cartilages.
d. Organ level: 2+ tissue types form an organ that has recognizable shape and
performs specialized tasks.
e. Organ system level: 2+ organs carrying out joint function, 11 organ systems in
the body (integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine).
f. Organism: complete human.
- Describe the function of homeostasis
a. Maintenance of body’s stable internal environment, disturbances lead to
death/disease, variables are regulated with coordinated processes (temp,
chemical comp, body fluid, etc), seek to maintain a narrow range of balance
(normal value).
- Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops
a. Feedback loops are homeostatic control mechanisms where changes in
regulated variables cause side effects that feedback to the same variable.
b. Negative loops: oppose initial change and REDUCE the output, regular variable
moves outside normal range and triggers a negative feedback response →
receptor detects change and sends stimulus to control center → control sends
signal to effectors that cause responses to return variable to normal range →
stimulus stops and and effectors return to normal levels. Ex. temp is too COLD,
muscles start to shiver to produce more HEAT.
messages.downloaded_by
, c. Positive loops: effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus, shuts off
when conditions return to normal. Ex. blood vessels are damaged, PLATELET
sensors activate and body makes more PLATELETS to seal vessel.
d. Stimulus → Receptor → Control Center → Effector → Response
- Describe how structure and function are related
a. Form follows function
- Describe the function of cell-cell communication
a. Cells work in coordinated fashion to ensure homeostasis of the entire organism.
Communication happens through electrical/chemical signals where one cell
triggers a response from another. Electrical signals are between neighbor cells
and chemical can travel.
- Describe the major functions of the nervous system
a. Nervous system controls perception and experience of the world, directs
movement, controls consciousness, and affects personality/learning/memory.
Regulates organ systems (endocrine, HR, BP, temp, sleep, blood, RR).
b. Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental
functions via nerve impulses.
c. Tasks fall into sensory functions, integrative functions, and motor functions.
Class 3 pt. 2
- Discuss the functional divisions of the nervous system
a. Central nervous system (integrative function): brain and spinal cord,
neurons/nerves enable body processes, spinal cord enables communication
between brain and body.
b. Peripheral nervous system (motor and sensory function): consists of all
cranial/spinal nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
- Compare the functions of the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system
a. Sensory (afferent) division: gathers info about the environment of the body,
detect stimuli with receptors.
1. Somatic sensory division: carries sensory stimuli FROM muscles, bones,
joints, and skin TO CNS. Also transmits signals FROM special sensory
division (sight, smell, etc).
2. Visceral sensory division: carries stimuli FROM organs.
b. Motor (efferent) division: motor neurons carry out motor functions, output from
CNS travels via PNS nerves to control contraction of muscles or gland
secretions.
1. Somatic motor division: carries stimuli TO skeletal muscles.
2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS): carries stimuli TO smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, and glands.
- Describe the components of a prototypical neuron
a. Neurons are excitable cells that send/receive signals through action potentials.
They are long lived and vary in size.
messages.downloaded_by
