PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL PAPER
2026 FULL Q&A STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
◉Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
◉osmotic pressure. Answer: hydrostatic pressure required to stop
osmosis
◉Osmolarity versus Osmolality. Answer: fluids outside vs inside
body
◉Urine osmolality. Answer: Reflects the kidney's ability to produce a
concentrated or dilute urine based on serum osmolality and the
need for water conservation or excretion.
◉Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a
cell to gain (swell) or lose water (shrink)
◉the components of ECF include. Answer: -blood plasma
,-lymph
-interstitial fluid
-body fluid
◉Na+K+ pump. Answer: cell is negatively charged. The Na/K pump
causes the imbalance by continually pumping
pushing out 3 positive sodium ions out of the cell and pumping 2
positive potassium ions into the
cell. The Na/K pump causes an
increased potassium concentration inside the cell, but an increased
sodium concentration outside the cell.
◉capillary filtration pressure. Answer: pushes water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
◉capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water back into
the capillary
◉interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Answer: opposes the movement
of water out of the capillary
◉tissue colloidal osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
, ◉edema. Answer: Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial
spaces of tissues.
◉antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: influences the absorption of
water by kidney tubules
◉polydipsia. Answer: excessive thirst
◉Hypodipsia. Answer: decrease in the ability to sense thirst
◉Vasopressin (ADH). Answer: *regulates blood volume and salt
concentration
* synthesized by cells in hypothalamus
*stored in pituitary gland
exerts effects on V1 and V2 receptors
*pores (aquaporins) stimulated to move into membrane and make
tubular epithelial cells permeable to water
*levels controlled by ECF volume and osmolality
◉Disorders of ADH. Answer: DI and SIADH
◉SIADH. Answer: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
2026 FULL Q&A STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
◉Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
◉osmotic pressure. Answer: hydrostatic pressure required to stop
osmosis
◉Osmolarity versus Osmolality. Answer: fluids outside vs inside
body
◉Urine osmolality. Answer: Reflects the kidney's ability to produce a
concentrated or dilute urine based on serum osmolality and the
need for water conservation or excretion.
◉Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a
cell to gain (swell) or lose water (shrink)
◉the components of ECF include. Answer: -blood plasma
,-lymph
-interstitial fluid
-body fluid
◉Na+K+ pump. Answer: cell is negatively charged. The Na/K pump
causes the imbalance by continually pumping
pushing out 3 positive sodium ions out of the cell and pumping 2
positive potassium ions into the
cell. The Na/K pump causes an
increased potassium concentration inside the cell, but an increased
sodium concentration outside the cell.
◉capillary filtration pressure. Answer: pushes water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
◉capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water back into
the capillary
◉interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Answer: opposes the movement
of water out of the capillary
◉tissue colloidal osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
, ◉edema. Answer: Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial
spaces of tissues.
◉antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: influences the absorption of
water by kidney tubules
◉polydipsia. Answer: excessive thirst
◉Hypodipsia. Answer: decrease in the ability to sense thirst
◉Vasopressin (ADH). Answer: *regulates blood volume and salt
concentration
* synthesized by cells in hypothalamus
*stored in pituitary gland
exerts effects on V1 and V2 receptors
*pores (aquaporins) stimulated to move into membrane and make
tubular epithelial cells permeable to water
*levels controlled by ECF volume and osmolality
◉Disorders of ADH. Answer: DI and SIADH
◉SIADH. Answer: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
