PORTH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Viral infections can damage ? epithelium that would normally clean
the incoming air, ? airways making it hard to move gasses, and lead to
secondary ? infections due to the static mucus providing a route for
infection. Answer: bronchial, obstruct, bacterial
●● The common cold is a viral infection of the ? respiratory tract.
Answer: upper
●● Outbreaks of colds due to ? are most common in early fall and late
spring. Answer: rhinoviruses
●● ? are popular over-the-counter treatments for colds because of their
action in drying nasal secretions. Answer: antihistamines
●● ? refers to inflammation of the nasal passages, and sinusitis is
inflammation of the ? sinuses. Answer: rhinitis, paranasal
, ●● The lower ? content in the sinuses facilitates the growth of
organisms, impairs local defenses, and alters the function of immune
celss. Answer: oxygen
●● Host antibodies to ? and ? prevent or ameliorate infection by the
influenza virus. Answer: hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
●● The influenza viruses can cause three types of infections: an
uncomplicated ? respiratory infections, ? pneumonia, and a respiratory
viral infection followed by a ? infection. Answer: upper, viral, bacterial
●● Because influenza is so highly contagious prevention relies primarily
on ?. Answer: vaccination
●● Avian strains of the influenza virus do not usually cause outbreaks of
disease in humans unless a ? of the virus genome has occurred within an
intermediate mammalian host such as a pig. Answer: reassortment
●● The term ? describes inflammation of parenchymal structures of the
lung, such as the alveoli and the bronchioles. Answer: pneumonia
●● ? refers to consolidation of part or all of a lung lobe, and ? signifies a
patchy consolidation involving more than one lobe. Answer: lobar
pneumonia, bronchopenumonia
CERTIFICATION TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Viral infections can damage ? epithelium that would normally clean
the incoming air, ? airways making it hard to move gasses, and lead to
secondary ? infections due to the static mucus providing a route for
infection. Answer: bronchial, obstruct, bacterial
●● The common cold is a viral infection of the ? respiratory tract.
Answer: upper
●● Outbreaks of colds due to ? are most common in early fall and late
spring. Answer: rhinoviruses
●● ? are popular over-the-counter treatments for colds because of their
action in drying nasal secretions. Answer: antihistamines
●● ? refers to inflammation of the nasal passages, and sinusitis is
inflammation of the ? sinuses. Answer: rhinitis, paranasal
, ●● The lower ? content in the sinuses facilitates the growth of
organisms, impairs local defenses, and alters the function of immune
celss. Answer: oxygen
●● Host antibodies to ? and ? prevent or ameliorate infection by the
influenza virus. Answer: hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
●● The influenza viruses can cause three types of infections: an
uncomplicated ? respiratory infections, ? pneumonia, and a respiratory
viral infection followed by a ? infection. Answer: upper, viral, bacterial
●● Because influenza is so highly contagious prevention relies primarily
on ?. Answer: vaccination
●● Avian strains of the influenza virus do not usually cause outbreaks of
disease in humans unless a ? of the virus genome has occurred within an
intermediate mammalian host such as a pig. Answer: reassortment
●● The term ? describes inflammation of parenchymal structures of the
lung, such as the alveoli and the bronchioles. Answer: pneumonia
●● ? refers to consolidation of part or all of a lung lobe, and ? signifies a
patchy consolidation involving more than one lobe. Answer: lobar
pneumonia, bronchopenumonia
