PORTH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 ADVANCED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULLY
SOLVED A+
●● Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
●● Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
●● osmotic pressure. Answer: hydrostatic pressure required to stop
osmosis
●● Osmolarity versus Osmolality. Answer: fluids outside vs inside body
●● Urine osmolality. Answer: Reflects the kidney's ability to produce a
concentrated or dilute urine based on serum osmolality and the need for
water conservation or excretion.
●● Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell
to gain (swell) or lose water (shrink)
,●● the components of ECF include. Answer: -blood plasma
-lymph
-interstitial fluid
-body fluid
●● Na+K+ pump. Answer: cell is negatively charged. The Na/K pump
causes the imbalance by continually pumping
pushing out 3 positive sodium ions out of the cell and pumping 2
positive potassium ions into the
cell. The Na/K pump causes an
increased potassium concentration inside the cell, but an increased
sodium concentration outside the cell.
●● capillary filtration pressure. Answer: pushes water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
●● capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water back into the
capillary
●● interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Answer: opposes the movement of
water out of the capillary
●● tissue colloidal osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
, ●● edema. Answer: Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
of tissues.
●● antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: influences the absorption of
water by kidney tubules
●● polydipsia. Answer: excessive thirst
●● Hypodipsia. Answer: decrease in the ability to sense thirst
●● Vasopressin (ADH). Answer: *regulates blood volume and salt
concentration
* synthesized by cells in hypothalamus
*stored in pituitary gland
exerts effects on V1 and V2 receptors
*pores (aquaporins) stimulated to move into membrane and make
tubular epithelial cells permeable to water
*levels controlled by ECF volume and osmolality
●● Disorders of ADH. Answer: DI and SIADH
●● SIADH. Answer: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 ADVANCED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULLY
SOLVED A+
●● Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
●● Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
●● osmotic pressure. Answer: hydrostatic pressure required to stop
osmosis
●● Osmolarity versus Osmolality. Answer: fluids outside vs inside body
●● Urine osmolality. Answer: Reflects the kidney's ability to produce a
concentrated or dilute urine based on serum osmolality and the need for
water conservation or excretion.
●● Tonicity. Answer: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell
to gain (swell) or lose water (shrink)
,●● the components of ECF include. Answer: -blood plasma
-lymph
-interstitial fluid
-body fluid
●● Na+K+ pump. Answer: cell is negatively charged. The Na/K pump
causes the imbalance by continually pumping
pushing out 3 positive sodium ions out of the cell and pumping 2
positive potassium ions into the
cell. The Na/K pump causes an
increased potassium concentration inside the cell, but an increased
sodium concentration outside the cell.
●● capillary filtration pressure. Answer: pushes water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
●● capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water back into the
capillary
●● interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Answer: opposes the movement of
water out of the capillary
●● tissue colloidal osmotic pressure. Answer: pulls water out of the
capillary into the interstitial spaces
, ●● edema. Answer: Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
of tissues.
●● antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: influences the absorption of
water by kidney tubules
●● polydipsia. Answer: excessive thirst
●● Hypodipsia. Answer: decrease in the ability to sense thirst
●● Vasopressin (ADH). Answer: *regulates blood volume and salt
concentration
* synthesized by cells in hypothalamus
*stored in pituitary gland
exerts effects on V1 and V2 receptors
*pores (aquaporins) stimulated to move into membrane and make
tubular epithelial cells permeable to water
*levels controlled by ECF volume and osmolality
●● Disorders of ADH. Answer: DI and SIADH
●● SIADH. Answer: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
