Merrills Atlas of Radiographic
Positioning and Procedures Workbook -
15th Ed Answer Key
Ecology and Environmental Science
(Western Governors University)
, Answers to Exercises
CHAPTER 1: PRELIMINARY STEPS IN RADIOGRAPHY
REVIEW 21. Smooth, involuntary (peristalsis); cardiac, involun-
tary (systole); and striated, voluntary
1. A radiographer is a radiologic technologist who ad-
ministers ionizing radiation to perform radiographic 22. Peristalsis
procedures. 23. Exposure time
2. ALARA stands for “as low as reasonably achiev- 24. Central nervous system
able” and is the fundamental radiation protection 25. c, d, e, g
protocol for radiographers.
26. True
3. a. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
27. A device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam
b. American Society of Radiologic Technologists
and forms the image of the body part
4. The ASRT wrote and maintains the Radiography
28. Solid-state digital detector, photostimulable storage
Practice Standards. They define the practice of radi- phosphor image plate (IP), fluoroscopic image re-
ography, describe necessary education and certifica- ceptor (IR), and cassette with film.
tion, and include the Radiographer Scope of Practice.
In addition, the practice standards include Clinical 29. Evaluate the radiograph
Performance Standards, Quality Performance 30. a. Without compensating filter
Standards, and Professional Performance Standards. b. With Ferlic wedge filter
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists 31. milliamperage (mA), kilovolt peak (kVp), and expo-
(ARRT) created and maintains the Standards of sure time (seconds)
Ethics that apply to all radiologic technologists who
32. b
are certified by the organization.
5. The radiographic table should be cleaned after each 33. b
patient. 34. a
6. By following Standard Precautions and 35. a
Transmission-based precautions 36. a
7. Washing the hands 37. b
8. Under 38. a
9. Disposable gloves 39. b
10. Place them in a puncture-proof container 40. a
11. Cystography, intravenous urography, spinal punc- 41. b
ture, arthrography, angiography 42. b
12. False, to the side opposite of surgeon 43. a
13. Give an explanation of the procedure to be performed. 44. attempt to explain the latest AAPM research
14. Four 45. lengthwise, crosswise, and diagonal; lengthwise
15. The radiographer 46. collimate the exposure field
16. Interpretation of images is outside of the scope of prac- 47. Increase the SID
tice for radiographers. Requests for interpretations must
be referred to a qualified physician, such as a radiologist. 48. To avoid the superimposition of overlying or under-
lying structures, to avoid superimposing a curved
17. Limited diet, laxatives, and enemas structure on itself, to project through angled joints,
18. False, starch is radiopaque. and to project through angled structures without
19. To prevent confusing shadows (artifacts) foreshortening or elongation
20. Dentures, removable bridgework, earrings, neck- 49. SID (source-to-image receptor distance)
laces, hairpins, and eyeglasses 50. magnification, spatial resolution, and patient dose
e.1
Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Answers to Exercises
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,51. 40 inches (102 cm); 44-48 inches (112-122 cm) 71. Image A
52. 72 inches (183 cm) 72. With the digits pointing upward and as viewed from
53. First, it minimizes the amount of radiation to the the perspective of the x-ray tube
patient by restricting exposure to essential anatomy 73. Image A
only. Second, it reduces the amount of scatter radia- 74. Image A
tion that can reach the IR, which reduces the poten-
75. a, c, d, f
tial for a reduction in contrast resolution.
54. True 76. Cumulative time
55. False. Shuttering gives only the displayed image the 77. Anteroposterior
appearance of proper collimation and does not pro- 78. Automatic exposure control
tect the patient from unnecessary radiation exposure. 79. American Society of Radiologic Technologists
The use of shuttering in place of proper collimation 80. Image receptor
is a violation of the ARRT Code of Ethics and a po-
tential legal liability. 81. Computed radiography
56. a, b, d 82. Central ray
57. c 83. Milliampere-second
58. a 84. Digital radiography
59. c 85. Anatomically programmed radiography
60. d 86. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
61. a 87. Anterior superior iliac spine
62. a 88. Body mass index
63. d 89. Radiographic and fluoroscopic table weight lim-
its have doubled to 700 pounds. CT and MRI table
64. f weights and aperture openings have also increased.
65. d 90. Risk of injury to radiographers, other health care
66. g workers, and the patient
67. Refers to a position in which the patient is standing 91. The thorax, stomach, and colon
erect with the face and eyes directed forward, arms 92. a
extended by the sides with the palms of the hands
facing forward, heels together, and toes pointing 93. 22-inches
anteriorly
68. Radiographs are usually oriented on the display CHAPTER 1: SELF-TEST:
monitor so that the person looking at the image PRELIMINARY STEPS IN RADIOGRAPHY
sees the body part as though viewed facing the
patient. 1. b 8. d 15. d 22. d 29. d
2. a 9. b 16. c 23. d 30. d
69. Image A
3. a 10. d 17. c 24. c 31. a
70. As though the viewer sees the patient from the per-
4. b, c, d 11. c 18. c 25. c 32. b
spective of the x-ray tube (display the image so that
the side of the patient closer to the IR during the 5. b 12. c 19. c 26. a 33. b
procedure is also the side of the image closer to the 6. a 13. b 20. b 27. a 34. a
viewbox) 7. a 14. c 21. a 28. b 35. c
e.2
Chapter Answers to Exercises Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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, CHAPTER 2: GENERAL ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY
REVIEW Exercise 2: Osteology
Exercise 1: General Anatomy 1. b
1. a. The science of the structure of the body 2. c
b. The study of the function of the body organs 3. d
c. The detailed study of the body of knowledge re- 4. e
lating to the bones of the body 5. h
2. The body standing erect, face and eyes directed for- 6. g
ward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of
the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes 7. j
pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching 8. i
3. Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, and oblique 9. f
4. Sagittal 10. l
5. Coronal 11. k
6. Midcoronal (also referred to as the midaxillary plane) 12. m
13. A. Gonion
7. Midsagittal
B. Mastoid tip
8. Horizontal (also referred to as a transverse or axial plane) C. Vertebra prominens
9. A. Sagittal plane 14. A. C5 and thyroid cartilage
B. Coronal plane B. T1
C. Horizontal plane C. T2, T3, and jugular notch
D. Oblique plane D. T4, T5, and sternal angle
10. Thoracic and abdominal E. T7 and inferior angle of scapula
11. b F. T9, T10, and xiphoid process
G. L2, L3, and inferior costal margin
12. a
H. L4, L5, and iliac crest
13. a I. S1 and anterior superior iliac spine
14. c J. Coccyx, pubic symphysis, and greater trochanters
15. b 15. 206
16. c 16. Appendicular and axial
17. b 17. b, c, e, f
18. a 18. a, b, c, d
19. c 19. c
20. a 20. b
21. A. Thoracic 21. d
B. Abdominal 22. a
C. Pleural 23. a, b, c, f, h
D. Pericardial 24. b
E. Pelvic 25. c
22. A. Right upper quadrant
B. Left upper quadrant 26. b
C. Right lower quadrant 27. e
D. Left lower quadrant 28. a
23. A. Right hypochondrium 29. d
B. Epigastrium 30. d
C. Left hypochondrium
D. Right lateral 31. a. Long bones consist of a body and two articular ends.
E. Umbilical b. Short bones consist mainly of spongy tissue and
F. Left lateral have only a thin outer layer of compact bone.
G. Right inguinal c. Flat bones consist mainly of compact bone in the form
H. Hypogastrium of two plates that enclose a layer of spongy tissue.
I. Left inguinal d. Irregular bones, because of their peculiar shape,
24. a. Hypersthenic cannot be classified as long, short, or flat bones.
b. Sthenic e. Sesamoid bones are small oval bones that develop
c. Hyposthenic in and near tendons and function to protect ten-
d. Asthenic dons from excessive wear.
e.3
Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Answers to Exercises
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Positioning and Procedures Workbook -
15th Ed Answer Key
Ecology and Environmental Science
(Western Governors University)
, Answers to Exercises
CHAPTER 1: PRELIMINARY STEPS IN RADIOGRAPHY
REVIEW 21. Smooth, involuntary (peristalsis); cardiac, involun-
tary (systole); and striated, voluntary
1. A radiographer is a radiologic technologist who ad-
ministers ionizing radiation to perform radiographic 22. Peristalsis
procedures. 23. Exposure time
2. ALARA stands for “as low as reasonably achiev- 24. Central nervous system
able” and is the fundamental radiation protection 25. c, d, e, g
protocol for radiographers.
26. True
3. a. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
27. A device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam
b. American Society of Radiologic Technologists
and forms the image of the body part
4. The ASRT wrote and maintains the Radiography
28. Solid-state digital detector, photostimulable storage
Practice Standards. They define the practice of radi- phosphor image plate (IP), fluoroscopic image re-
ography, describe necessary education and certifica- ceptor (IR), and cassette with film.
tion, and include the Radiographer Scope of Practice.
In addition, the practice standards include Clinical 29. Evaluate the radiograph
Performance Standards, Quality Performance 30. a. Without compensating filter
Standards, and Professional Performance Standards. b. With Ferlic wedge filter
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists 31. milliamperage (mA), kilovolt peak (kVp), and expo-
(ARRT) created and maintains the Standards of sure time (seconds)
Ethics that apply to all radiologic technologists who
32. b
are certified by the organization.
5. The radiographic table should be cleaned after each 33. b
patient. 34. a
6. By following Standard Precautions and 35. a
Transmission-based precautions 36. a
7. Washing the hands 37. b
8. Under 38. a
9. Disposable gloves 39. b
10. Place them in a puncture-proof container 40. a
11. Cystography, intravenous urography, spinal punc- 41. b
ture, arthrography, angiography 42. b
12. False, to the side opposite of surgeon 43. a
13. Give an explanation of the procedure to be performed. 44. attempt to explain the latest AAPM research
14. Four 45. lengthwise, crosswise, and diagonal; lengthwise
15. The radiographer 46. collimate the exposure field
16. Interpretation of images is outside of the scope of prac- 47. Increase the SID
tice for radiographers. Requests for interpretations must
be referred to a qualified physician, such as a radiologist. 48. To avoid the superimposition of overlying or under-
lying structures, to avoid superimposing a curved
17. Limited diet, laxatives, and enemas structure on itself, to project through angled joints,
18. False, starch is radiopaque. and to project through angled structures without
19. To prevent confusing shadows (artifacts) foreshortening or elongation
20. Dentures, removable bridgework, earrings, neck- 49. SID (source-to-image receptor distance)
laces, hairpins, and eyeglasses 50. magnification, spatial resolution, and patient dose
e.1
Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Answers to Exercises
messages.downloaded_by
,51. 40 inches (102 cm); 44-48 inches (112-122 cm) 71. Image A
52. 72 inches (183 cm) 72. With the digits pointing upward and as viewed from
53. First, it minimizes the amount of radiation to the the perspective of the x-ray tube
patient by restricting exposure to essential anatomy 73. Image A
only. Second, it reduces the amount of scatter radia- 74. Image A
tion that can reach the IR, which reduces the poten-
75. a, c, d, f
tial for a reduction in contrast resolution.
54. True 76. Cumulative time
55. False. Shuttering gives only the displayed image the 77. Anteroposterior
appearance of proper collimation and does not pro- 78. Automatic exposure control
tect the patient from unnecessary radiation exposure. 79. American Society of Radiologic Technologists
The use of shuttering in place of proper collimation 80. Image receptor
is a violation of the ARRT Code of Ethics and a po-
tential legal liability. 81. Computed radiography
56. a, b, d 82. Central ray
57. c 83. Milliampere-second
58. a 84. Digital radiography
59. c 85. Anatomically programmed radiography
60. d 86. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
61. a 87. Anterior superior iliac spine
62. a 88. Body mass index
63. d 89. Radiographic and fluoroscopic table weight lim-
its have doubled to 700 pounds. CT and MRI table
64. f weights and aperture openings have also increased.
65. d 90. Risk of injury to radiographers, other health care
66. g workers, and the patient
67. Refers to a position in which the patient is standing 91. The thorax, stomach, and colon
erect with the face and eyes directed forward, arms 92. a
extended by the sides with the palms of the hands
facing forward, heels together, and toes pointing 93. 22-inches
anteriorly
68. Radiographs are usually oriented on the display CHAPTER 1: SELF-TEST:
monitor so that the person looking at the image PRELIMINARY STEPS IN RADIOGRAPHY
sees the body part as though viewed facing the
patient. 1. b 8. d 15. d 22. d 29. d
2. a 9. b 16. c 23. d 30. d
69. Image A
3. a 10. d 17. c 24. c 31. a
70. As though the viewer sees the patient from the per-
4. b, c, d 11. c 18. c 25. c 32. b
spective of the x-ray tube (display the image so that
the side of the patient closer to the IR during the 5. b 12. c 19. c 26. a 33. b
procedure is also the side of the image closer to the 6. a 13. b 20. b 27. a 34. a
viewbox) 7. a 14. c 21. a 28. b 35. c
e.2
Chapter Answers to Exercises Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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, CHAPTER 2: GENERAL ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY
REVIEW Exercise 2: Osteology
Exercise 1: General Anatomy 1. b
1. a. The science of the structure of the body 2. c
b. The study of the function of the body organs 3. d
c. The detailed study of the body of knowledge re- 4. e
lating to the bones of the body 5. h
2. The body standing erect, face and eyes directed for- 6. g
ward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of
the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes 7. j
pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching 8. i
3. Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, and oblique 9. f
4. Sagittal 10. l
5. Coronal 11. k
6. Midcoronal (also referred to as the midaxillary plane) 12. m
13. A. Gonion
7. Midsagittal
B. Mastoid tip
8. Horizontal (also referred to as a transverse or axial plane) C. Vertebra prominens
9. A. Sagittal plane 14. A. C5 and thyroid cartilage
B. Coronal plane B. T1
C. Horizontal plane C. T2, T3, and jugular notch
D. Oblique plane D. T4, T5, and sternal angle
10. Thoracic and abdominal E. T7 and inferior angle of scapula
11. b F. T9, T10, and xiphoid process
G. L2, L3, and inferior costal margin
12. a
H. L4, L5, and iliac crest
13. a I. S1 and anterior superior iliac spine
14. c J. Coccyx, pubic symphysis, and greater trochanters
15. b 15. 206
16. c 16. Appendicular and axial
17. b 17. b, c, e, f
18. a 18. a, b, c, d
19. c 19. c
20. a 20. b
21. A. Thoracic 21. d
B. Abdominal 22. a
C. Pleural 23. a, b, c, f, h
D. Pericardial 24. b
E. Pelvic 25. c
22. A. Right upper quadrant
B. Left upper quadrant 26. b
C. Right lower quadrant 27. e
D. Left lower quadrant 28. a
23. A. Right hypochondrium 29. d
B. Epigastrium 30. d
C. Left hypochondrium
D. Right lateral 31. a. Long bones consist of a body and two articular ends.
E. Umbilical b. Short bones consist mainly of spongy tissue and
F. Left lateral have only a thin outer layer of compact bone.
G. Right inguinal c. Flat bones consist mainly of compact bone in the form
H. Hypogastrium of two plates that enclose a layer of spongy tissue.
I. Left inguinal d. Irregular bones, because of their peculiar shape,
24. a. Hypersthenic cannot be classified as long, short, or flat bones.
b. Sthenic e. Sesamoid bones are small oval bones that develop
c. Hyposthenic in and near tendons and function to protect ten-
d. Asthenic dons from excessive wear.
e.3
Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Answers to Exercises
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