Objective 19.9b.3Define chronotropic agents and describe how they affect heart rate
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*Factors that change heart rate (HR)
1. Positive chronotropic
-increased heart rate
- sympathetic NN stimulation
*Thyroid hormone, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
2. Negative chronotropic
-decreased heart rate
*parasympathetic innervation and beta blockers
Objective 19.7c.5Explain the significance of the plateau phase
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, -allows for contractions of muscle cells
-inward movement of calcium ions
-ensures that the action potential last as long as the contraction of the cell
Objective 19.3e.5Describe the general structure of cardiac muscle
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-short branched cells, 1 or 2 nuclei, areolar CT= endomysium
1. Sarcolema
-from T- tubules extending into sarcoplasm
2. SR
-surrounds bundles of myofilaments
3. Myofilaments
-maximum overlap of thin and thick filaments
-allows filaments to contract with greater force as heart fills with blood
Objective 20.3c.5Calculate net filtration pressure for both the arterial end and the
venous end of a capillary
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NFP= (HPb-HPif)-(COPb-COPif)
-can be negative or positive
Objective 20.3c.4Define net filtration pressure (NFP)
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-difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
-determines direction of flow
Objective XX Describe the pumps and channels within cardiac muscle cells (not nodal
cells)(p. 755)
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-Na/K pumps and N+ and K+ leak channels and Ca 2+ pumps
*Resting membrane potential: -90 mV
1. Voltage- gated Na+ : Depolarization
2. K+ volage : Repolarization
3. Voltage- gated Ca 2+ : Ca enters into the cell
Objective 19.2b.2List the structural components of the pericardium
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Give this one a try later!
*Factors that change heart rate (HR)
1. Positive chronotropic
-increased heart rate
- sympathetic NN stimulation
*Thyroid hormone, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
2. Negative chronotropic
-decreased heart rate
*parasympathetic innervation and beta blockers
Objective 19.7c.5Explain the significance of the plateau phase
Give this one a try later!
, -allows for contractions of muscle cells
-inward movement of calcium ions
-ensures that the action potential last as long as the contraction of the cell
Objective 19.3e.5Describe the general structure of cardiac muscle
Give this one a try later!
-short branched cells, 1 or 2 nuclei, areolar CT= endomysium
1. Sarcolema
-from T- tubules extending into sarcoplasm
2. SR
-surrounds bundles of myofilaments
3. Myofilaments
-maximum overlap of thin and thick filaments
-allows filaments to contract with greater force as heart fills with blood
Objective 20.3c.5Calculate net filtration pressure for both the arterial end and the
venous end of a capillary
Give this one a try later!
NFP= (HPb-HPif)-(COPb-COPif)
-can be negative or positive
Objective 20.3c.4Define net filtration pressure (NFP)
, Give this one a try later!
-difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
-determines direction of flow
Objective XX Describe the pumps and channels within cardiac muscle cells (not nodal
cells)(p. 755)
Give this one a try later!
-Na/K pumps and N+ and K+ leak channels and Ca 2+ pumps
*Resting membrane potential: -90 mV
1. Voltage- gated Na+ : Depolarization
2. K+ volage : Repolarization
3. Voltage- gated Ca 2+ : Ca enters into the cell
Objective 19.2b.2List the structural components of the pericardium
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