Lesson 02: Protein Synthesis
୨୧ aya dy ୨୧
Overview: The flow of genetic information
Information content of genes
DNA: Genetic print, code, info
• Nucleus • Pairs of chromosomes
• Eukaryotic Cell :23
• Proteins are link • Replicates/ duplicates
between genotype and → mitosis
phenotype
˚✿ Proteins are created through gene expression
DNA RNA
2 (doubles) One (single)
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose
(5- pentose sugar)
ATCG Bases AUCG
Purines: Nucleotides:
Adenine Adenine
Thymine Uracil
Cytosine
Pyrimidine: Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine
Nucleus Location Nucleus & Cytoplasm
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand 5-3 Prime
3-5 Prime 5- pentose sugar
3 – phosphate group 3- phosphate group
5 – pentose sugar
The 4 nucleotides are
*bases are located in the located in the middle
middle
synthesized
synthesized continuously discontinuously in
toward the replication Okazaki fragments away
fork from the replication fork.
, Enzyme ˚✿
1. Helicase
Unwinds or unzip the DNA strand
2. Single strand binding protein (SSBP)
Guides the helicase
Stabilizes and protect the unwound DNA strands
3. DNA Polymerase
Adds complementary strand to existing strand
(complementary nucleotides)
Can only add Nitrogenous bases if there is an existing one.
4. Primase
Puts nitrogenous base
Puts RNA primer that serves as a guide
Since it is an RNA primer it should be replaced by DNA
Nucleotide replacement enzyme ⋆౨ৎ˚
• Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
Leading strand / synthesized continuously
Logging strand / discontinuous strand
Okazaki fragment ✿˖ DNA ligase ✿
To let DNA know where Closes the gap
polymerase where to stop
Joins together the DNA
Needs to stop once reached Fragments
RNA Primer 2
୨୧ aya dy ୨୧
Overview: The flow of genetic information
Information content of genes
DNA: Genetic print, code, info
• Nucleus • Pairs of chromosomes
• Eukaryotic Cell :23
• Proteins are link • Replicates/ duplicates
between genotype and → mitosis
phenotype
˚✿ Proteins are created through gene expression
DNA RNA
2 (doubles) One (single)
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose
(5- pentose sugar)
ATCG Bases AUCG
Purines: Nucleotides:
Adenine Adenine
Thymine Uracil
Cytosine
Pyrimidine: Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine
Nucleus Location Nucleus & Cytoplasm
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand 5-3 Prime
3-5 Prime 5- pentose sugar
3 – phosphate group 3- phosphate group
5 – pentose sugar
The 4 nucleotides are
*bases are located in the located in the middle
middle
synthesized
synthesized continuously discontinuously in
toward the replication Okazaki fragments away
fork from the replication fork.
, Enzyme ˚✿
1. Helicase
Unwinds or unzip the DNA strand
2. Single strand binding protein (SSBP)
Guides the helicase
Stabilizes and protect the unwound DNA strands
3. DNA Polymerase
Adds complementary strand to existing strand
(complementary nucleotides)
Can only add Nitrogenous bases if there is an existing one.
4. Primase
Puts nitrogenous base
Puts RNA primer that serves as a guide
Since it is an RNA primer it should be replaced by DNA
Nucleotide replacement enzyme ⋆౨ৎ˚
• Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
Leading strand / synthesized continuously
Logging strand / discontinuous strand
Okazaki fragment ✿˖ DNA ligase ✿
To let DNA know where Closes the gap
polymerase where to stop
Joins together the DNA
Needs to stop once reached Fragments
RNA Primer 2
