NUR 2063 Exam 1 V2: Complete Questions 1-150 with Answers
Essentials of Pathophysiology | Rasmussen University | Updated
2025/2026
Section 1: Foundations of Pathophysiology & Cellular Function (Q1-35)
Q1: What is pathophysiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The study of what happens when normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease processes
in the human body.
Q2: What are the four components included in the study of pathophysiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations,
and Treatment Implications.
Q3: What is etiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The study of causes or reasons for phenomena.
Includes idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
,Q4: What is pathogenesis?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The development or evolution of disease from
the initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations over time.
Q5: What are clinical manifestations?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The signs and symptoms of a disorder.
Q6: What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: A sign is objective/observed (e.g., rash, fever, low
blood pressure). A symptom is subjective, felt only by the patient (e.g.,
pain, nausea, fatigue).
Q7: What is the most common cause of cell injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Ischemia (reduced blood flow to tissue). It injures
cells faster than hypoxia alone because it also causes a buildup of metabolic
waste.
,Q8: What is ischemia?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Poor blood flow; a combination of disruption of
oxygen supply with accumulation of metabolic waste.
Q9: What changes occur during reversible cell injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular swelling (hydropic swelling) and
decreased ATP production. The sodium-potassium pump fails, causing
sodium and water to enter the cell.
Q10: What is hydropic swelling?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Tissue and organ swelling (e.g., hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly) due to fluid accumulation in cells.
Q11: What are the types of reversible cellular injuries?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular accumulations and cellular adaptation.
Q12: What are the types of irreversible cellular injuries?
, • ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Necrosis, apoptosis, and cellular injury.
Q13: What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Apoptosis is programmed, controlled cell death
that does NOT trigger inflammation. Necrosis is unplanned, pathological
cell death that DOES trigger a significant inflammatory response.
Q14: What are the four types of tissue necrosis due to ischemia or toxic injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Coagulative (most common, heart), Liquefactive
(brain), Fat necrosis (pancreas), Caseous necrosis (lung).
Q15: What is gangrene?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular death (necrosis) in a large area of tissue
due to interruption of blood supply.
Q16: What is the function of the mitochondria?
Essentials of Pathophysiology | Rasmussen University | Updated
2025/2026
Section 1: Foundations of Pathophysiology & Cellular Function (Q1-35)
Q1: What is pathophysiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The study of what happens when normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease processes
in the human body.
Q2: What are the four components included in the study of pathophysiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations,
and Treatment Implications.
Q3: What is etiology?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The study of causes or reasons for phenomena.
Includes idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
,Q4: What is pathogenesis?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The development or evolution of disease from
the initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations over time.
Q5: What are clinical manifestations?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: The signs and symptoms of a disorder.
Q6: What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: A sign is objective/observed (e.g., rash, fever, low
blood pressure). A symptom is subjective, felt only by the patient (e.g.,
pain, nausea, fatigue).
Q7: What is the most common cause of cell injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Ischemia (reduced blood flow to tissue). It injures
cells faster than hypoxia alone because it also causes a buildup of metabolic
waste.
,Q8: What is ischemia?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Poor blood flow; a combination of disruption of
oxygen supply with accumulation of metabolic waste.
Q9: What changes occur during reversible cell injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular swelling (hydropic swelling) and
decreased ATP production. The sodium-potassium pump fails, causing
sodium and water to enter the cell.
Q10: What is hydropic swelling?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Tissue and organ swelling (e.g., hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly) due to fluid accumulation in cells.
Q11: What are the types of reversible cellular injuries?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular accumulations and cellular adaptation.
Q12: What are the types of irreversible cellular injuries?
, • ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Necrosis, apoptosis, and cellular injury.
Q13: What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Apoptosis is programmed, controlled cell death
that does NOT trigger inflammation. Necrosis is unplanned, pathological
cell death that DOES trigger a significant inflammatory response.
Q14: What are the four types of tissue necrosis due to ischemia or toxic injury?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Coagulative (most common, heart), Liquefactive
(brain), Fat necrosis (pancreas), Caseous necrosis (lung).
Q15: What is gangrene?
• ☑ CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular death (necrosis) in a large area of tissue
due to interruption of blood supply.
Q16: What is the function of the mitochondria?
