1|Page
BIO 3030 EXAM1 NEWEST 2026,2027
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+, EXAMS OF NURSING
Sodium-potassium pump - --ANS---uses active transport to bring two potassium ions into the
cytosol as it moves three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid
ATP - --ANS---charges confirmations of sites that allow ions to bind to them
major extracellular ions: - --ANS---Cation: Na+
Anion: Cl-
major intracellular ions: - --ANS---Cation: K+
Anion: Proteins, HPO4-2
Na and K are important for - --ANS---nerve impulses
when the gated channels for a specific ion are triggered to open-> - --ANS---ions will follow
their electrochemical gradient into or out of the cell
,2|Page
depolarization - --ANS---An influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential less
negative
repolarization - --ANS---when a cell returns to its resting membrane potential
hyperpolarization - --ANS---As a cell loses positive charges the membrane potential becomes
more negative than it is at rest
lidocaine - --ANS---block the voltage-gated sodium ion channels, prohibiting depolarization->
delays action potentials relaying pain
local potential channels can be opened by - --ANS----hormones (ligand-gated channel)
-pressure (mechanically gated channel)
Local potentials are generated in - --ANS---dendrites and cell bodies
Action potentials are generated in - --ANS---trigger zone of the axons
depolarizations make it more likely that - --ANS---An action potential will begin; several
depolarizations that reach -55 need to accumulate to trigger an action potential
action potentials are initiated by - --ANS---local potentials, but are self-propagated
, 3|Page
conduction speed - --ANS---rate at which propagation occurs
Refractory period - --ANS---lengths of time where it is difficult or impossible to initiate another
action potential
synapses - --ANS---how signals are transmitted between neurons
synaptic transmission - --ANS---the transfer of chemical or electrical signals between neurons,
alow for voluntary movement, cognition, sensation, and emotion
presynaptic neuron - --ANS---the neuron sending the message to the axon terminal
postsynpatic neuron - --ANS---the neuron recieving the message from its dendrite, cell body, or
axon
electrical synapse - --ANS---occurs between cells that are electrically coupled via gap junctions,
found mostly in areas of the brain that are responsible for programmed, automatic behaviors like
breathing
Gap junctions - --ANS---contain precisely aligned channels that form pores through which ions
and other small substances may travel.
BIO 3030 EXAM1 NEWEST 2026,2027
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+, EXAMS OF NURSING
Sodium-potassium pump - --ANS---uses active transport to bring two potassium ions into the
cytosol as it moves three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid
ATP - --ANS---charges confirmations of sites that allow ions to bind to them
major extracellular ions: - --ANS---Cation: Na+
Anion: Cl-
major intracellular ions: - --ANS---Cation: K+
Anion: Proteins, HPO4-2
Na and K are important for - --ANS---nerve impulses
when the gated channels for a specific ion are triggered to open-> - --ANS---ions will follow
their electrochemical gradient into or out of the cell
,2|Page
depolarization - --ANS---An influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential less
negative
repolarization - --ANS---when a cell returns to its resting membrane potential
hyperpolarization - --ANS---As a cell loses positive charges the membrane potential becomes
more negative than it is at rest
lidocaine - --ANS---block the voltage-gated sodium ion channels, prohibiting depolarization->
delays action potentials relaying pain
local potential channels can be opened by - --ANS----hormones (ligand-gated channel)
-pressure (mechanically gated channel)
Local potentials are generated in - --ANS---dendrites and cell bodies
Action potentials are generated in - --ANS---trigger zone of the axons
depolarizations make it more likely that - --ANS---An action potential will begin; several
depolarizations that reach -55 need to accumulate to trigger an action potential
action potentials are initiated by - --ANS---local potentials, but are self-propagated
, 3|Page
conduction speed - --ANS---rate at which propagation occurs
Refractory period - --ANS---lengths of time where it is difficult or impossible to initiate another
action potential
synapses - --ANS---how signals are transmitted between neurons
synaptic transmission - --ANS---the transfer of chemical or electrical signals between neurons,
alow for voluntary movement, cognition, sensation, and emotion
presynaptic neuron - --ANS---the neuron sending the message to the axon terminal
postsynpatic neuron - --ANS---the neuron recieving the message from its dendrite, cell body, or
axon
electrical synapse - --ANS---occurs between cells that are electrically coupled via gap junctions,
found mostly in areas of the brain that are responsible for programmed, automatic behaviors like
breathing
Gap junctions - --ANS---contain precisely aligned channels that form pores through which ions
and other small substances may travel.
