European Societies
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1. The European project: some of the good, the bad and the ugly ...........................................4
1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................4
1.2. A short history of the project called the European Union (or peace through prosperity)
4
1.3. What has it brought us? 80 years of peace within Europe, and prosperity ...................7
1.4. But of course not all is well… ....................................................................................9
2. The European project as an economic project: fundamental flaws? ................................. 11
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2. The Euro ................................................................................................................ 13
2.3. Potential errors ...................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. General .......................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2. The case of Greece ......................................................................................... 17
2.3.3. Covid-19 crisis ............................................................................................... 20
3. Migration and mobility in the European Union .................................................................. 20
3.1. Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Migration flows in Europe since WWII ..................................................................... 24
3.3. Migration types and policy dilemmas ...................................................................... 26
3.3.1. Labour migration → most important one........................................................ 26
3.3.2. Family migration ............................................................................................ 28
3.3.3. Irregular migration .......................................................................................... 30
3.3.4. Asylum and refugee flows ............................................................................... 31
3.3.5. Intra-EU mobility ............................................................................................ 34
3.4. Key takeaways ....................................................................................................... 35
4. Labour market integration of immigrants in Europe .......................................................... 36
4.1. Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 36
4.2. Labour market outcomes of immigrants ................................................................. 39
4.3. Integration barriers and policy responses ............................................................... 40
4.3.1. Educational barriers ....................................................................................... 41
4.3.2. Language barriers........................................................................................... 43
4.3.3. Residential segregation and ethnic enclaves ................................................... 44
4.3.4. Discrimination ............................................................................................... 45
4.3.5. Migration policy .............................................................................................. 46
4.4. Differences in outcomes across groups .................................................................. 48
4.5. Differences in outcomes across countries .............................................................. 49
4.6. Key takeaway ......................................................................................................... 52
2
,5. Posting workers in the EU: a different kind of labour mobility ............................................ 52
5.1. Basic concepts ...................................................................................................... 52
5.1.1. The EU internal market: four freedoms ............................................................ 52
5.2. Why is posting so popular ....................................................................................... 54
5.3. Why is posting controversial? ................................................................................. 55
5.4. How does posting look in practice? Some facts and figures ..................................... 56
5.5. What are the effects of posting? ............................................................................. 58
5.6. EU regulation ......................................................................................................... 58
5.7. Main take aways .................................................................................................... 59
6. United in diversity: poverty and the welfare state in the EU ............................................... 60
6.1. Social Policy in the (national) Welfare State ............................................................ 60
6.2. Variation in European welfare states: principles, efforts, outcomes and efficiency ... 62
6.2.1. Different social security systems, with different implications for redistribution
and solidarity ................................................................................................................. 62
6.2.2. Different welfare types and welfare regimes .................................................... 64
6.2.3. Variation in economic situation ...................................................................... 65
6.2.4. Varying efforts ................................................................................................ 66
6.2.5. Varying outcomes .......................................................................................... 67
6.2.6. Varying effectiveness and efficiency................................................................ 73
6.2.7. Minimum income protection ........................................................................... 74
6.3. The social dimensions of the EU ............................................................................. 77
6.4. Convergence of divergence in the EU ...................................................................... 79
7. How to evaluate justice in food systems? ........................................................................ 79
7.1. Context ................................................................................................................. 79
7.2. EU perspective related to food and agriculture ........................................................ 79
8. The European Union and the green transition: promises and pitfalls ................................. 87
8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 87
8.2. The European Moment for a Green Deal .................................................................. 87
8.3. The European Climate Law ..................................................................................... 88
8.4. The problem of just transition ................................................................................. 88
8.5. The great backlash? ............................................................................................... 92
8.6. Take aways ............................................................................................................ 92
3
, 1. The European project: some of the good, the bad and
the ugly
Purpose of this lecture
o How did the European Union project emerge?
o What have been accomplishments?
o What are big challenges ?
1.1. Introduction
o European Union starts at the end of the WWII
75 years later…
o Refugee boat
▪ Europe isn’t very welcome for refugees
▪ Pushed back into the sea (Italy)
How did we get from the first set of pictures to the last ones?
1.2. A short history of the project called the European Union (or
peace through prosperity)
Beginnings after WWII
o End of the Second World War left Europe divided between the communist, Soviet
dominated, eastern bloc, and the largely democratic western nations.
o Fears over what direction a rebuilt Germany would take, perceived need to bind
Germany into pan-European democratic institutions
▪ After Germany surrendered they put massive punishments to Germany
▪ You think it will be good if they don’t make the same mistake as in the
last war
o Expansion of the communist east.
Manifesto:
o Ideas brewing.. While locked up under Fascism, communist
Altiero Spinelli writes the Ventotene Manifesto “For a Free and
United Europe.”
4
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1. The European project: some of the good, the bad and the ugly ...........................................4
1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................4
1.2. A short history of the project called the European Union (or peace through prosperity)
4
1.3. What has it brought us? 80 years of peace within Europe, and prosperity ...................7
1.4. But of course not all is well… ....................................................................................9
2. The European project as an economic project: fundamental flaws? ................................. 11
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2. The Euro ................................................................................................................ 13
2.3. Potential errors ...................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. General .......................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2. The case of Greece ......................................................................................... 17
2.3.3. Covid-19 crisis ............................................................................................... 20
3. Migration and mobility in the European Union .................................................................. 20
3.1. Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Migration flows in Europe since WWII ..................................................................... 24
3.3. Migration types and policy dilemmas ...................................................................... 26
3.3.1. Labour migration → most important one........................................................ 26
3.3.2. Family migration ............................................................................................ 28
3.3.3. Irregular migration .......................................................................................... 30
3.3.4. Asylum and refugee flows ............................................................................... 31
3.3.5. Intra-EU mobility ............................................................................................ 34
3.4. Key takeaways ....................................................................................................... 35
4. Labour market integration of immigrants in Europe .......................................................... 36
4.1. Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 36
4.2. Labour market outcomes of immigrants ................................................................. 39
4.3. Integration barriers and policy responses ............................................................... 40
4.3.1. Educational barriers ....................................................................................... 41
4.3.2. Language barriers........................................................................................... 43
4.3.3. Residential segregation and ethnic enclaves ................................................... 44
4.3.4. Discrimination ............................................................................................... 45
4.3.5. Migration policy .............................................................................................. 46
4.4. Differences in outcomes across groups .................................................................. 48
4.5. Differences in outcomes across countries .............................................................. 49
4.6. Key takeaway ......................................................................................................... 52
2
,5. Posting workers in the EU: a different kind of labour mobility ............................................ 52
5.1. Basic concepts ...................................................................................................... 52
5.1.1. The EU internal market: four freedoms ............................................................ 52
5.2. Why is posting so popular ....................................................................................... 54
5.3. Why is posting controversial? ................................................................................. 55
5.4. How does posting look in practice? Some facts and figures ..................................... 56
5.5. What are the effects of posting? ............................................................................. 58
5.6. EU regulation ......................................................................................................... 58
5.7. Main take aways .................................................................................................... 59
6. United in diversity: poverty and the welfare state in the EU ............................................... 60
6.1. Social Policy in the (national) Welfare State ............................................................ 60
6.2. Variation in European welfare states: principles, efforts, outcomes and efficiency ... 62
6.2.1. Different social security systems, with different implications for redistribution
and solidarity ................................................................................................................. 62
6.2.2. Different welfare types and welfare regimes .................................................... 64
6.2.3. Variation in economic situation ...................................................................... 65
6.2.4. Varying efforts ................................................................................................ 66
6.2.5. Varying outcomes .......................................................................................... 67
6.2.6. Varying effectiveness and efficiency................................................................ 73
6.2.7. Minimum income protection ........................................................................... 74
6.3. The social dimensions of the EU ............................................................................. 77
6.4. Convergence of divergence in the EU ...................................................................... 79
7. How to evaluate justice in food systems? ........................................................................ 79
7.1. Context ................................................................................................................. 79
7.2. EU perspective related to food and agriculture ........................................................ 79
8. The European Union and the green transition: promises and pitfalls ................................. 87
8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 87
8.2. The European Moment for a Green Deal .................................................................. 87
8.3. The European Climate Law ..................................................................................... 88
8.4. The problem of just transition ................................................................................. 88
8.5. The great backlash? ............................................................................................... 92
8.6. Take aways ............................................................................................................ 92
3
, 1. The European project: some of the good, the bad and
the ugly
Purpose of this lecture
o How did the European Union project emerge?
o What have been accomplishments?
o What are big challenges ?
1.1. Introduction
o European Union starts at the end of the WWII
75 years later…
o Refugee boat
▪ Europe isn’t very welcome for refugees
▪ Pushed back into the sea (Italy)
How did we get from the first set of pictures to the last ones?
1.2. A short history of the project called the European Union (or
peace through prosperity)
Beginnings after WWII
o End of the Second World War left Europe divided between the communist, Soviet
dominated, eastern bloc, and the largely democratic western nations.
o Fears over what direction a rebuilt Germany would take, perceived need to bind
Germany into pan-European democratic institutions
▪ After Germany surrendered they put massive punishments to Germany
▪ You think it will be good if they don’t make the same mistake as in the
last war
o Expansion of the communist east.
Manifesto:
o Ideas brewing.. While locked up under Fascism, communist
Altiero Spinelli writes the Ventotene Manifesto “For a Free and
United Europe.”
4
