FLS CERTIFICATION EVALUATION STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
▶ myocardial infarction treatment after MONA. Answer: angioplasty or
CABG
▶ pain unrelieved by nitroglycerin. Answer: myocardial infarction
▶ angina. Answer: chest pain
▶ stable angina. Answer: -chest pain that occurs when a person is active
or under severe stress
-T wave inversion on ECG
-treatment: rest and nitroglycerin
▶ troponin levels. Answer: < 0.1 mcg/Ml (as little as 1 hour after occlusion)
▶ PT/INR levels. Answer: no on warfarin = less or equal to 1.1
on warfarin = 2.0-3.0
▶ PTT levels. Answer: not on heparin = 30-40
on heparin = 60-100
▶ CPK - MB levels. Answer: 5-25 IU/L
▶ what lab is the main indicator for damage to the heart. Answer: troponin
1
▶ Hematocrit levels. Answer: men: 42%-52%
women: 37%48%
▶ Hemoglobin levels. Answer: Men = 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL
Women = 12 - 15.5 g/dL
▶ Platelet levels. Answer: 150,000 - 450,000 per mcL
▶ what can the total CK lab tell you about. Answer: muscle damage
,▶ S/S of ↓ perfusion. Answer: Change in LOC
Chest Discomfort
Hypotension
SOB/difficulty breathing
Pulmonary congestion/crackles
Rapid, slow or weak pulse
Dizziness
Syncope
Fatigue
▶ Rapid response team. Answer: used for for complications at the hospital
▶ pulse sites to check in code blue. Answer: carotid or femoral
▶ Shockable rhythms. Answer: V fib and V tach (pulseless)
▶ v tach. Answer: Rate: 100-220 beats/min
Rhythm: Regular
P wave: absent
QRS: Wide and bizarre, > 0.12
A run of 3 or more consecutive PVCs (no p wave)
▶ treatment for v tach and v fib. Answer: With a pulse:
(sedate pt first) Synchronized Cardioversion
NO pulse (same tx as V-Fib):
CPR
Defibrillation
Epinephrine or Vasopressin
Amiodarone (antidysrhythmic)
▶ Cardioversion vs Defibrillation. Answer: Cardioversion: in sync with
QRS, used in AFib, atrial flutter, VT w/ a pulse, SVT
Defibrillation: (random shock) - not in sync with QRS, used in VFib and VT
without a pulse
▶ treatment for new onset A-Fib or A-Flutter w/ rate >180 bpm. Answer:
cardioversion
▶ treatment for long-standing Fib/Flutter. Answer: anticoagulation with
Heparin drip or warfarin for 6 weeks before cardioversion
, ▶ PR interval norm. Answer: 0.12-0.20 secs
3-5 boxes
▶ QRS complex norm. Answer: 0.06 - 0.12 secs
1 1/2 - 3 boxes
▶ indicated by short PR intervals. Answer: arrhythmias
▶ indicated by long PR intervals. Answer: heart blocks or other
pathological conditions
▶ indicated by ST elevation. Answer: myocardial injury (STEMI)
▶ STEMI. Answer: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
▶ NSTEMI. Answer: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
▶ indicated by abnormal Q wave. Answer: myocardial infarction
▶ what does a prolonged QT interval put you at risk for. Answer:
ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death
may be caused by electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia,
hypocalcemia), stroke, hypothermia, or meds
▶ Atrial rate. Answer: count p waves in 6 seconds and multiply by 10
▶ Ventricular rate. Answer: count QRS complexes and multiply by 10
▶ bradycardia treatment. Answer: atropine 0.5-1 mg
(if atropine doesn't work, due to 3rd degree AV block)
temporary pacemaker
▶ supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Answer: hr 160-240 bpm
regular rhythm
can't measure PR interval, no real p waves
▶ SVT treatment. Answer: adenosine
treat underlying cause
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
▶ myocardial infarction treatment after MONA. Answer: angioplasty or
CABG
▶ pain unrelieved by nitroglycerin. Answer: myocardial infarction
▶ angina. Answer: chest pain
▶ stable angina. Answer: -chest pain that occurs when a person is active
or under severe stress
-T wave inversion on ECG
-treatment: rest and nitroglycerin
▶ troponin levels. Answer: < 0.1 mcg/Ml (as little as 1 hour after occlusion)
▶ PT/INR levels. Answer: no on warfarin = less or equal to 1.1
on warfarin = 2.0-3.0
▶ PTT levels. Answer: not on heparin = 30-40
on heparin = 60-100
▶ CPK - MB levels. Answer: 5-25 IU/L
▶ what lab is the main indicator for damage to the heart. Answer: troponin
1
▶ Hematocrit levels. Answer: men: 42%-52%
women: 37%48%
▶ Hemoglobin levels. Answer: Men = 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL
Women = 12 - 15.5 g/dL
▶ Platelet levels. Answer: 150,000 - 450,000 per mcL
▶ what can the total CK lab tell you about. Answer: muscle damage
,▶ S/S of ↓ perfusion. Answer: Change in LOC
Chest Discomfort
Hypotension
SOB/difficulty breathing
Pulmonary congestion/crackles
Rapid, slow or weak pulse
Dizziness
Syncope
Fatigue
▶ Rapid response team. Answer: used for for complications at the hospital
▶ pulse sites to check in code blue. Answer: carotid or femoral
▶ Shockable rhythms. Answer: V fib and V tach (pulseless)
▶ v tach. Answer: Rate: 100-220 beats/min
Rhythm: Regular
P wave: absent
QRS: Wide and bizarre, > 0.12
A run of 3 or more consecutive PVCs (no p wave)
▶ treatment for v tach and v fib. Answer: With a pulse:
(sedate pt first) Synchronized Cardioversion
NO pulse (same tx as V-Fib):
CPR
Defibrillation
Epinephrine or Vasopressin
Amiodarone (antidysrhythmic)
▶ Cardioversion vs Defibrillation. Answer: Cardioversion: in sync with
QRS, used in AFib, atrial flutter, VT w/ a pulse, SVT
Defibrillation: (random shock) - not in sync with QRS, used in VFib and VT
without a pulse
▶ treatment for new onset A-Fib or A-Flutter w/ rate >180 bpm. Answer:
cardioversion
▶ treatment for long-standing Fib/Flutter. Answer: anticoagulation with
Heparin drip or warfarin for 6 weeks before cardioversion
, ▶ PR interval norm. Answer: 0.12-0.20 secs
3-5 boxes
▶ QRS complex norm. Answer: 0.06 - 0.12 secs
1 1/2 - 3 boxes
▶ indicated by short PR intervals. Answer: arrhythmias
▶ indicated by long PR intervals. Answer: heart blocks or other
pathological conditions
▶ indicated by ST elevation. Answer: myocardial injury (STEMI)
▶ STEMI. Answer: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
▶ NSTEMI. Answer: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
▶ indicated by abnormal Q wave. Answer: myocardial infarction
▶ what does a prolonged QT interval put you at risk for. Answer:
ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death
may be caused by electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia,
hypocalcemia), stroke, hypothermia, or meds
▶ Atrial rate. Answer: count p waves in 6 seconds and multiply by 10
▶ Ventricular rate. Answer: count QRS complexes and multiply by 10
▶ bradycardia treatment. Answer: atropine 0.5-1 mg
(if atropine doesn't work, due to 3rd degree AV block)
temporary pacemaker
▶ supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Answer: hr 160-240 bpm
regular rhythm
can't measure PR interval, no real p waves
▶ SVT treatment. Answer: adenosine
treat underlying cause
