FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 2
ACTUAL TEST SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are examples of third line of defense? Answer: B and T cells
◉ classify the elements of the first line of defense Answer: Cilia, ear
wax, skin, mucus, lactoferrin, tears
◉ classify the elements of the second line of defense Answer:
inflammation, lysosomes, phagocytosis, phagolysosome,
complement
◉ classify the elements of the third line of defense Answer: B cells,
antibodies, plasma cells
◉ what are the appearance and functions of neutrophils? Answer:
phagocytic, found in blood, first to respond, increase during
bacterial infections
◉ what are the appearance and functions of Eosinophils? Answer:
Active in protozoal, helminth reactions, usually found in low
numbers, elevated in allergic reactions
,◉ what are the appearance and functions of Basophils? Answer:
function in inflammatory events, usually found in low numbers
◉ what are the appearance and functions of mast cells? Answer:
found in the tissues, similar to basophils, contain histamines
◉ What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis? Answer: chemotaxis,
adhesion, engulfment, phagosome, phagolysosome formation,
destruction, residual release and presents to T cells
◉ What is Chemotaxis? Answer: phagocytes moves to site of injury
following trails of chemicals released by damaged tissues
◉ What is Adhesion Answer: PAMPs are going to be recognized by
PRRs on host and attach to bacterial cell
◉ PAMP Answer: pathogen associated molecular patterns
◉ examples of PAMP Answer: peptidoglycan, bacterial flagella,
lipopolysaccharides, and techoic acid
◉ PRRs Answer: pattern recognition receptors used by host cells to
recognize PAMPs
, ◉ engulfment Answer: cell is going to engulf the bacteria into a
phagocytic vesicle
◉ phagosome Answer: once engulfment is complete itforms
phagosome
◉ phagolysosome Answer: host lysosome attach to the phagosome
◉ destruction Answer: enzymes and reactive oxygen products are
released in to vacuole killing the bacterial cells inside
◉ Debris release Answer: residual debris is released and some
debris is shown to T cells
◉ Which cell sends interferons and which one is protected Answer:
interferon sent from infected cells to neighboring cells
◉ MAC Answer: membrane attack complex
◉ epitope Answer: specific region of an antigen that is recognized by
the immune system
ACTUAL TEST SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are examples of third line of defense? Answer: B and T cells
◉ classify the elements of the first line of defense Answer: Cilia, ear
wax, skin, mucus, lactoferrin, tears
◉ classify the elements of the second line of defense Answer:
inflammation, lysosomes, phagocytosis, phagolysosome,
complement
◉ classify the elements of the third line of defense Answer: B cells,
antibodies, plasma cells
◉ what are the appearance and functions of neutrophils? Answer:
phagocytic, found in blood, first to respond, increase during
bacterial infections
◉ what are the appearance and functions of Eosinophils? Answer:
Active in protozoal, helminth reactions, usually found in low
numbers, elevated in allergic reactions
,◉ what are the appearance and functions of Basophils? Answer:
function in inflammatory events, usually found in low numbers
◉ what are the appearance and functions of mast cells? Answer:
found in the tissues, similar to basophils, contain histamines
◉ What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis? Answer: chemotaxis,
adhesion, engulfment, phagosome, phagolysosome formation,
destruction, residual release and presents to T cells
◉ What is Chemotaxis? Answer: phagocytes moves to site of injury
following trails of chemicals released by damaged tissues
◉ What is Adhesion Answer: PAMPs are going to be recognized by
PRRs on host and attach to bacterial cell
◉ PAMP Answer: pathogen associated molecular patterns
◉ examples of PAMP Answer: peptidoglycan, bacterial flagella,
lipopolysaccharides, and techoic acid
◉ PRRs Answer: pattern recognition receptors used by host cells to
recognize PAMPs
, ◉ engulfment Answer: cell is going to engulf the bacteria into a
phagocytic vesicle
◉ phagosome Answer: once engulfment is complete itforms
phagosome
◉ phagolysosome Answer: host lysosome attach to the phagosome
◉ destruction Answer: enzymes and reactive oxygen products are
released in to vacuole killing the bacterial cells inside
◉ Debris release Answer: residual debris is released and some
debris is shown to T cells
◉ Which cell sends interferons and which one is protected Answer:
interferon sent from infected cells to neighboring cells
◉ MAC Answer: membrane attack complex
◉ epitope Answer: specific region of an antigen that is recognized by
the immune system
