NSG530 Final Exam V3 | NSG 530
Advanced Pathophysiology | Wilkes
University
1. A 55-year-old patient with chronic hypertension exhibits thickening of the left ventricular
wall. Which cellular adaptation is primarily responsible for this change?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase
in the size of the organ. In the heart, it occurs as a compensatory mechanism to handle
increased workload from high blood pressure. Unlike hyperplasia, it does not involve the
creation of new cells but rather the expansion of existing ones.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
,Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal
infections and is specifically seen in the central nervous system after hypoxic death. Brain
tissue is rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids, which lead to the softening and
liquefaction of the tissue. This process results in the formation of a liquid viscous mass that
is eventually removed by phagocytes.
3. A patient is diagnosed with an Arthus reaction after a booster vaccine. This is an example
of which type of hypersensitivity?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B
Expert Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes that deposit in tissues and cause inflammation. The Arthus reaction is a
localized immune complex-mediated inflammatory response usually seen in the skin. It
leads to the activation of the complement cascade and recruitment of neutrophils, causing
tissue damage.
4. What is the primary pathophysiology behind the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
, B. Increased glucose absorption in the kidneys
C. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin
secretion. This results from a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing
beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans. Consequently, the patient becomes dependent on
exogenous insulin for survival and to prevent ketoacidosis.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of early stage Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and
contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Expert Explanation: Hypocalcemia in CKD occurs due to decreased activation of Vitamin D
and phosphorus retention. The low serum calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid glands
to release PTH, leading to bone resorption. This chronic stimulation results in secondary
hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy.
Advanced Pathophysiology | Wilkes
University
1. A 55-year-old patient with chronic hypertension exhibits thickening of the left ventricular
wall. Which cellular adaptation is primarily responsible for this change?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase
in the size of the organ. In the heart, it occurs as a compensatory mechanism to handle
increased workload from high blood pressure. Unlike hyperplasia, it does not involve the
creation of new cells but rather the expansion of existing ones.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
,Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal
infections and is specifically seen in the central nervous system after hypoxic death. Brain
tissue is rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids, which lead to the softening and
liquefaction of the tissue. This process results in the formation of a liquid viscous mass that
is eventually removed by phagocytes.
3. A patient is diagnosed with an Arthus reaction after a booster vaccine. This is an example
of which type of hypersensitivity?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B
Expert Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes that deposit in tissues and cause inflammation. The Arthus reaction is a
localized immune complex-mediated inflammatory response usually seen in the skin. It
leads to the activation of the complement cascade and recruitment of neutrophils, causing
tissue damage.
4. What is the primary pathophysiology behind the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
, B. Increased glucose absorption in the kidneys
C. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
D. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin
secretion. This results from a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing
beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans. Consequently, the patient becomes dependent on
exogenous insulin for survival and to prevent ketoacidosis.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of early stage Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and
contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Expert Explanation: Hypocalcemia in CKD occurs due to decreased activation of Vitamin D
and phosphorus retention. The low serum calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid glands
to release PTH, leading to bone resorption. This chronic stimulation results in secondary
hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy.
