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MED SURG 120/NURS 120 FINAL EXAM (2026 | 2027) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) ANSWETRS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
trans-cultural nursing - ANSWER providing care to patients and
families across cultural variations. Acknowledge, respect, &
adapt to patient.
Culture can strongly influence a patients thinking, doing, and
being.
Five signs of inflammation - ANSWER redness, warmth, swelling,
pain, loss of function.
sequence of events of inflammation - ANSWER vasodilation,
increased vascular permeability (increased plasma), & leukocyte
cellular infiltration
*Repairative process*begins at same time as injury**
cultural nursing assessment - ANSWER Systematic way to
identify the beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people
while considering their history, life experiences, and the social
and physical environments in which they live.
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*"Know Thyself" know your own cultural attitudes, beliefs.
Recognize that every one has cultural "baggage" do not judge
anyone for their beliefs*
Blood Transfusion - ANSWER blood must be started within 15-
20 minutes from obtaining the blood.
18G needle prefered (20 or higher can be used)
Blood Transfusion Consent - ANSWER A patient's written
permission to receive blood or blood products. *IF* the patient
is unable to sign and it is an emergency situation two doctors
can sign the consent.
Jehovah's Witness - ANSWER No blood products should be used
blood transfusion procedure - ANSWER any allergies?- type &
cross match blood, check blood for bubbles, dark color, or
cloudiness- change IV line (per policy usually one or two units of
blood per line)- ID check by two nurses- baseline vitals- start
with normal saline- run blood slowly for first 15 minutes- stay
with client for 15-30 min- recheck vital signs after 15 of infusing
blood- if no adverse affects increase rate- take vital signs every
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hour until completed and then every 3 hours (or per facility
protocol)- inform pt to report any s/s of reactions
reactions during blood transfusion - ANSWER stop the blood
first! restart saline, notify health care provider, may use
supportive care (benadryl, oxygen, corticosteriods)
Electrolyte values - ANSWER Sodium: 135-145 (-natremia)
Chloride: 96-106 (-chloremia)
Calcium: 8.5-10.5 (-calcemia)
Potassium: 3.5-5.5 (-kalemia)
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 (-magnesemia)
Phosphorus: 2.7-4.5 (-phosphatemia)
FVD (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER hypovolemia
FVE (fluid volume excess) - ANSWER hypervolemia
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ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) - ANSWER essential part of diagnosing
& managing oxygenation status and acid-base balance of high-
risk patients
ABG's values (normal) - ANSWER pH:7.35-7.45
Pco2: 45-35 (lungs/respiratory)
Hco3: 22-26 (kidneys/metabolic)
buffer systems in the body - ANSWER *LUNGS AS A BUFFER*-
primary control of body's carbonic acid supply.
*KIDNEY AS A BUFFER*-works by concentration of bicarb in
body. Kidneys either excrete or hang on to bicarb in the
response to the pH of blood. Acidosis- kidney excretes h ion &
conserves bicarb. Alkalosis - kidneys retain H ions.
*ECF, ICF, HGB* are other buffer systems for maintain acid-base
balance
when a patient codes - ANSWER --most people become acidosis
when they code—they will be administered sodium bicarb
MED SURG 120/NURS 120 FINAL EXAM (2026 | 2027) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) ANSWETRS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
trans-cultural nursing - ANSWER providing care to patients and
families across cultural variations. Acknowledge, respect, &
adapt to patient.
Culture can strongly influence a patients thinking, doing, and
being.
Five signs of inflammation - ANSWER redness, warmth, swelling,
pain, loss of function.
sequence of events of inflammation - ANSWER vasodilation,
increased vascular permeability (increased plasma), & leukocyte
cellular infiltration
*Repairative process*begins at same time as injury**
cultural nursing assessment - ANSWER Systematic way to
identify the beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people
while considering their history, life experiences, and the social
and physical environments in which they live.
,2|Page
*"Know Thyself" know your own cultural attitudes, beliefs.
Recognize that every one has cultural "baggage" do not judge
anyone for their beliefs*
Blood Transfusion - ANSWER blood must be started within 15-
20 minutes from obtaining the blood.
18G needle prefered (20 or higher can be used)
Blood Transfusion Consent - ANSWER A patient's written
permission to receive blood or blood products. *IF* the patient
is unable to sign and it is an emergency situation two doctors
can sign the consent.
Jehovah's Witness - ANSWER No blood products should be used
blood transfusion procedure - ANSWER any allergies?- type &
cross match blood, check blood for bubbles, dark color, or
cloudiness- change IV line (per policy usually one or two units of
blood per line)- ID check by two nurses- baseline vitals- start
with normal saline- run blood slowly for first 15 minutes- stay
with client for 15-30 min- recheck vital signs after 15 of infusing
blood- if no adverse affects increase rate- take vital signs every
,3|Page
hour until completed and then every 3 hours (or per facility
protocol)- inform pt to report any s/s of reactions
reactions during blood transfusion - ANSWER stop the blood
first! restart saline, notify health care provider, may use
supportive care (benadryl, oxygen, corticosteriods)
Electrolyte values - ANSWER Sodium: 135-145 (-natremia)
Chloride: 96-106 (-chloremia)
Calcium: 8.5-10.5 (-calcemia)
Potassium: 3.5-5.5 (-kalemia)
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 (-magnesemia)
Phosphorus: 2.7-4.5 (-phosphatemia)
FVD (fluid volume deficit) - ANSWER hypovolemia
FVE (fluid volume excess) - ANSWER hypervolemia
, 4|Page
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) - ANSWER essential part of diagnosing
& managing oxygenation status and acid-base balance of high-
risk patients
ABG's values (normal) - ANSWER pH:7.35-7.45
Pco2: 45-35 (lungs/respiratory)
Hco3: 22-26 (kidneys/metabolic)
buffer systems in the body - ANSWER *LUNGS AS A BUFFER*-
primary control of body's carbonic acid supply.
*KIDNEY AS A BUFFER*-works by concentration of bicarb in
body. Kidneys either excrete or hang on to bicarb in the
response to the pH of blood. Acidosis- kidney excretes h ion &
conserves bicarb. Alkalosis - kidneys retain H ions.
*ECF, ICF, HGB* are other buffer systems for maintain acid-base
balance
when a patient codes - ANSWER --most people become acidosis
when they code—they will be administered sodium bicarb
