Physical facts
Water and Carbon Cycle:
-Increased precipitation by 5-15% in urban areas due to convectional rainfall
>urban areas are warmer than rural, forcing warm air to rise
>pollution increases condensation nuclei causing rain
-Average precipitation has been increasing since 1950, with an accelerated increase since
1980
River Eden:
Eden basin saw a 30% increase in cattle between 2000-2009
storm Desmond occurred in December 2015 - 2 deaths
1700m³/s of river discharge
In Shap 262.6mm of rain fell in 48hrs, 50mm above the monthly average
Carlisle is particularly vulnerable to flooding bc its at the confluence of 3 tributaries
Highland areas consist of igneous rock preventing infiltration, although most of the basin is
limestone
2,000 homes were flooded in Carlisle alone and 48,000 had electricity cutoff
-In Malta, saltwater intrustion has caused most groundwater sources so be deemed
unconsumable for domestic or irrigation use, and so has had to resort to expensive
desalination plants
-20% of freshwater in lake Baikal and another 20% is in the Great Lakes in North America
-90% of evaporated water is supplied by oceans into the water cycle
-atmosphere contains 0.01% of water on earth
-90% of ice is stored in Antarctica
-2.5% of all freshwater is stored in the lithosphere
-100 cities make up for 18% of global carbon emissions
, -cement manufacturing accounts for 5% of anthropogenic carbon emissions
-rice paddies may account for up to 20% of global methane production
Amazon rainforest:
amazon rainforest covers 40% of South America
Holds 17% of global terrestrial carbon and emits 28% oxygen
Produces its own weather patterns - 2000mm rain per year on average but can exceed
6000mm
Forest code mandates land owners to keep 35-80% of their land in its natural state
COP30 meeting was held here and resulted in the building of a 4 land highway - a lot of
deforestation
50% wood is carbon
-oceans absorb 20-30% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
Coasts
-wind is the dominant energy source in coasts - drives waves
-11 sediment cells in the uk
Holderness coast:
holderness coast is eroding at average of 2m per year - fastest eroding coastline in
Europe
Flamborough head consists of clay - hard rock - find erosional landforms like caves,
arches, stacks and stumps
Most of the coastline is made of boulder clay - porous and weak rock
1991 Mappleton recieved a £2million investment into 2 groynes and 61,000 tonnes of
granite rock armour - protected the B1242 road which is a popular transport link
-prevented erosion but caused terminal groyne syndrome
no active intervention at spurn point and flamborough head
Lost approximately 30 villages since Roman times
rock armour in Hornsea was implemented in 1977 and alongside groynes and a sea wall,
Water and Carbon Cycle:
-Increased precipitation by 5-15% in urban areas due to convectional rainfall
>urban areas are warmer than rural, forcing warm air to rise
>pollution increases condensation nuclei causing rain
-Average precipitation has been increasing since 1950, with an accelerated increase since
1980
River Eden:
Eden basin saw a 30% increase in cattle between 2000-2009
storm Desmond occurred in December 2015 - 2 deaths
1700m³/s of river discharge
In Shap 262.6mm of rain fell in 48hrs, 50mm above the monthly average
Carlisle is particularly vulnerable to flooding bc its at the confluence of 3 tributaries
Highland areas consist of igneous rock preventing infiltration, although most of the basin is
limestone
2,000 homes were flooded in Carlisle alone and 48,000 had electricity cutoff
-In Malta, saltwater intrustion has caused most groundwater sources so be deemed
unconsumable for domestic or irrigation use, and so has had to resort to expensive
desalination plants
-20% of freshwater in lake Baikal and another 20% is in the Great Lakes in North America
-90% of evaporated water is supplied by oceans into the water cycle
-atmosphere contains 0.01% of water on earth
-90% of ice is stored in Antarctica
-2.5% of all freshwater is stored in the lithosphere
-100 cities make up for 18% of global carbon emissions
, -cement manufacturing accounts for 5% of anthropogenic carbon emissions
-rice paddies may account for up to 20% of global methane production
Amazon rainforest:
amazon rainforest covers 40% of South America
Holds 17% of global terrestrial carbon and emits 28% oxygen
Produces its own weather patterns - 2000mm rain per year on average but can exceed
6000mm
Forest code mandates land owners to keep 35-80% of their land in its natural state
COP30 meeting was held here and resulted in the building of a 4 land highway - a lot of
deforestation
50% wood is carbon
-oceans absorb 20-30% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
Coasts
-wind is the dominant energy source in coasts - drives waves
-11 sediment cells in the uk
Holderness coast:
holderness coast is eroding at average of 2m per year - fastest eroding coastline in
Europe
Flamborough head consists of clay - hard rock - find erosional landforms like caves,
arches, stacks and stumps
Most of the coastline is made of boulder clay - porous and weak rock
1991 Mappleton recieved a £2million investment into 2 groynes and 61,000 tonnes of
granite rock armour - protected the B1242 road which is a popular transport link
-prevented erosion but caused terminal groyne syndrome
no active intervention at spurn point and flamborough head
Lost approximately 30 villages since Roman times
rock armour in Hornsea was implemented in 1977 and alongside groynes and a sea wall,
