Chamberlain University
2 MAXE 422 RN
★ ★
College of Nursing & Public Health
C
C A R E • CO M P E T E N C E • CO N F I D E N C E
EST. 1889
NR 224 — Fundamentals of Nursing
E X A M 2 : OX YG E N AT I O N , C A R D I A C , U R I N A R Y, W O U N D C A R E & P R E SS U R E U LC E R S
INSTITUTION Chamberlain University — COURSE NR 224 – Fundamentals of
College of Nursing & Public Nursing
Health
EXAM VERSION Latest Update TOTAL QUESTIONS 50 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
FORMAT Multiple Choice – Select the GRADE A – 100% Correct Verified
Single Best Answer Answers
EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
▸ This document contains verified Q&A for NR 224 Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 2 (2026/2027 Update).
▸ Covers ventilation, perfusion, hypoxia/hypoxemia, cardiac conduction system, dysrhythmias, lung sounds
(crackles, rhonchi, wheezes), oxygen delivery devices, urinary elimination, incontinence types, pressure ulcer
stages, wound healing intentions, phases of healing, wound drainage types, debridement, and nursing diagnoses.
▸ Each answer includes clinical rationale based on evidence-based practice and Chamberlain University nursing
curriculum standards.
▸ Use this guide to prepare for the exam and for clinical application in foundational nursing practice.
SECTION I — VENTILATION, PERFUSION & HYPOXIA Q1–Q5
1. What is ventilation?
CORRECT ANSWER: Movement of air into and out of lungs, regulation in alveoli.
RATIONALE: Ventilation is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. Proper ventilation requires
intact respiratory muscles, clear airways, and functional lung tissue.
2. What is perfusion?
CORRECT ANSWER: Ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return
deoxygenated blood to lungs.
RATIONALE: Perfusion requires adequate cardiac output and patent blood vessels. V/Q mismatch occurs when
ventilation and perfusion are not properly matched.
, 3. What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Hypoxia = low oxygen in tissues. Hypoxemia = low oxygen in blood.
RATIONALE: Hypoxemia leads to hypoxia if not corrected. Pulse oximetry measures oxygenation but not tissue
perfusion.
4. What is hypoventilation and what causes it?
CORRECT ANSWER: Ventilation inadequate to meet oxygen needs or eliminate enough CO2, caused by
collapsed alveoli.
RATIONALE: Hypoventilation leads to hypercapnia (elevated CO2) and respiratory acidosis. Causes include COPD,
drug overdose, neuromuscular disorders.
5. What is hyperventilation?
CORRECT ANSWER: Increased respiratory rate which causes excess CO2 elimination.
Anxiety/infection/drugs/acid-base imbalance can induce hyperventilation.
RATIONALE: Hyperventilation leads to hypocapnia (low CO2) and respiratory alkalosis. Symptoms include
lightheadedness, tingling fingers, and chest tightness.
SECTION II — CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM & DYSRHYTHMIAS Q6–Q15
6. What are the components of the cardiac conduction system in order?
CORRECT ANSWER: Sinoatrial node → Atrioventricular node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
RATIONALE: SA node is the natural pacemaker (60-100 bpm). AV node delays impulse to allow ventricular filling.
7. What are characteristics of sinus tachycardia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Regular rhythm, fast rate of 100-180 bpm.
RATIONALE: Causes include fever, pain, anxiety, dehydration, and hyperthyroidism. Treatment focuses on
underlying cause.
8. What are characteristics of sinus bradycardia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Regular rhythm, slow rate of <60 bpm.
RATIONALE: Can be normal in athletes. Symptomatic bradycardia requires treatment with atropine or pacing.
2 MAXE 422 RN
★ ★
College of Nursing & Public Health
C
C A R E • CO M P E T E N C E • CO N F I D E N C E
EST. 1889
NR 224 — Fundamentals of Nursing
E X A M 2 : OX YG E N AT I O N , C A R D I A C , U R I N A R Y, W O U N D C A R E & P R E SS U R E U LC E R S
INSTITUTION Chamberlain University — COURSE NR 224 – Fundamentals of
College of Nursing & Public Nursing
Health
EXAM VERSION Latest Update TOTAL QUESTIONS 50 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
FORMAT Multiple Choice – Select the GRADE A – 100% Correct Verified
Single Best Answer Answers
EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
▸ This document contains verified Q&A for NR 224 Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 2 (2026/2027 Update).
▸ Covers ventilation, perfusion, hypoxia/hypoxemia, cardiac conduction system, dysrhythmias, lung sounds
(crackles, rhonchi, wheezes), oxygen delivery devices, urinary elimination, incontinence types, pressure ulcer
stages, wound healing intentions, phases of healing, wound drainage types, debridement, and nursing diagnoses.
▸ Each answer includes clinical rationale based on evidence-based practice and Chamberlain University nursing
curriculum standards.
▸ Use this guide to prepare for the exam and for clinical application in foundational nursing practice.
SECTION I — VENTILATION, PERFUSION & HYPOXIA Q1–Q5
1. What is ventilation?
CORRECT ANSWER: Movement of air into and out of lungs, regulation in alveoli.
RATIONALE: Ventilation is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. Proper ventilation requires
intact respiratory muscles, clear airways, and functional lung tissue.
2. What is perfusion?
CORRECT ANSWER: Ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return
deoxygenated blood to lungs.
RATIONALE: Perfusion requires adequate cardiac output and patent blood vessels. V/Q mismatch occurs when
ventilation and perfusion are not properly matched.
, 3. What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Hypoxia = low oxygen in tissues. Hypoxemia = low oxygen in blood.
RATIONALE: Hypoxemia leads to hypoxia if not corrected. Pulse oximetry measures oxygenation but not tissue
perfusion.
4. What is hypoventilation and what causes it?
CORRECT ANSWER: Ventilation inadequate to meet oxygen needs or eliminate enough CO2, caused by
collapsed alveoli.
RATIONALE: Hypoventilation leads to hypercapnia (elevated CO2) and respiratory acidosis. Causes include COPD,
drug overdose, neuromuscular disorders.
5. What is hyperventilation?
CORRECT ANSWER: Increased respiratory rate which causes excess CO2 elimination.
Anxiety/infection/drugs/acid-base imbalance can induce hyperventilation.
RATIONALE: Hyperventilation leads to hypocapnia (low CO2) and respiratory alkalosis. Symptoms include
lightheadedness, tingling fingers, and chest tightness.
SECTION II — CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM & DYSRHYTHMIAS Q6–Q15
6. What are the components of the cardiac conduction system in order?
CORRECT ANSWER: Sinoatrial node → Atrioventricular node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
RATIONALE: SA node is the natural pacemaker (60-100 bpm). AV node delays impulse to allow ventricular filling.
7. What are characteristics of sinus tachycardia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Regular rhythm, fast rate of 100-180 bpm.
RATIONALE: Causes include fever, pain, anxiety, dehydration, and hyperthyroidism. Treatment focuses on
underlying cause.
8. What are characteristics of sinus bradycardia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Regular rhythm, slow rate of <60 bpm.
RATIONALE: Can be normal in athletes. Symptomatic bradycardia requires treatment with atropine or pacing.
