Chamberlain University
2 MAXE 422 RN
★ ★
College of Nursing & Public Health
C
C A R E • CO M P E T E N C E • CO N F I D E N C E
EST. 1889
NR 224 — Fundamentals of Nursing
E X A M 2 : P R E SS U R E I N J U R I E S , W O U N D H E A L I N G , OX YG E N AT I O N & U R I N A R Y E L I M I N AT I O N
INSTITUTION Chamberlain University — COURSE NR 224 – Fundamentals of
College of Nursing & Public Nursing
Health
EXAM VERSION Latest Update TOTAL QUESTIONS 36 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
FORMAT Multiple Choice – Select the GRADE A – 100% Correct Verified
Single Best Answer Answers
EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
▸ This document contains verified Q&A for NR 224 Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 2 (2026/2027 Update).
▸ Covers pressure injury stages (1-4), deep tissue injury, primary/secondary/tertiary wound healing, wound
complications, wound dressings (transparent, hydrocolloid, hydrogel, NPWT), hypoxia, hypoventilation,
CPAP/BiPAP, lung sounds (wheezes, rhonchi, crackles, friction rub, stridor), CAUTI, dysuria, post-void residual,
normal urine output, oliguria, and stress incontinence.
▸ Each answer includes clinical rationale based on evidence-based practice and Chamberlain University nursing
curriculum standards.
▸ Use this guide to prepare for the exam and for clinical application in foundational nursing practice.
SECTION I — PRESSURE INJURIES (STAGES 1-4 & DEEP TISSUE) Q1–Q7
1. What are pressure injuries?
CORRECT ANSWER: Injuries or wounds that result from skin deterioration and shearing. Also called pressure
ulcers, decubitus ulcers, or bedsores.
RATIONALE: Pressure ulcers result from unrelieved pressure over bony prominences. High-risk areas: sacrum, heels,
elbows, occiput.
2. What are risk factors for pressure ulcer development?
CORRECT ANSWER: Impaired sensory perception, impaired mobility, alteration in LOC, shear, friction,
moisture.
RATIONALE: Shear occurs when skin moves opposite direction of underlying tissue. Friction is mechanical force of
two surfaces rubbing together. Moisture from incontinence macerates skin.
, 3. Describe Stage 1 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. Intact skin with localized area of
nonblanchable redness.
RATIONALE: Nonblanchable redness indicates tissue ischemia. Treatment: barrier cream and repositioning.
4. Describe Stage 2 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis. Wound bed is viable, pink or red, and
moist. May present as intact or ruptured serum-filled blister.
RATIONALE: Adipose tissue and deeper tissues not visible. Treatment: cleanse with normal saline; hydrocolloid or
hydrogel dressing.
5. Describe Stage 3 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Full-thickness skin loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle
are not exposed. Slough may be present.
RATIONALE: May include undermining and tunneling. Treatment: hydrocolloid, hydrogel, or calcium alginate
dressing.
6. Describe Stage 4 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Full-thickness skin and tissue loss with exposed or directly palpable fascia, muscle,
tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone. Slough and/or eschar may be visible.
RATIONALE: Depth varies by anatomical location. Requires specialized wound care and possible surgical
intervention.
7. What is deep tissue pressure injury?
CORRECT ANSWER: Persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration. Indicates damage
of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear.
RATIONALE: May present as a blood-filled blister. Painful, mushy/boggy, warmer or cooler than surrounding tissue.
SECTION II — WOUND HEALING (PRIMARY/SECONDARY/TERTIARY & Q8–
COMPLICATIONS) Q12
8. What is primary intention healing?
CORRECT ANSWER: Surgical closure of skin; tissue surfaces are approximated (closed); minimal or no tissue
loss; formation of minimal granulation tissue and scarring.
RATIONALE: Example: clean surgical incision closed with sutures or staples. Heals quickly with low infection risk.
2 MAXE 422 RN
★ ★
College of Nursing & Public Health
C
C A R E • CO M P E T E N C E • CO N F I D E N C E
EST. 1889
NR 224 — Fundamentals of Nursing
E X A M 2 : P R E SS U R E I N J U R I E S , W O U N D H E A L I N G , OX YG E N AT I O N & U R I N A R Y E L I M I N AT I O N
INSTITUTION Chamberlain University — COURSE NR 224 – Fundamentals of
College of Nursing & Public Nursing
Health
EXAM VERSION Latest Update TOTAL QUESTIONS 36 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
FORMAT Multiple Choice – Select the GRADE A – 100% Correct Verified
Single Best Answer Answers
EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
▸ This document contains verified Q&A for NR 224 Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 2 (2026/2027 Update).
▸ Covers pressure injury stages (1-4), deep tissue injury, primary/secondary/tertiary wound healing, wound
complications, wound dressings (transparent, hydrocolloid, hydrogel, NPWT), hypoxia, hypoventilation,
CPAP/BiPAP, lung sounds (wheezes, rhonchi, crackles, friction rub, stridor), CAUTI, dysuria, post-void residual,
normal urine output, oliguria, and stress incontinence.
▸ Each answer includes clinical rationale based on evidence-based practice and Chamberlain University nursing
curriculum standards.
▸ Use this guide to prepare for the exam and for clinical application in foundational nursing practice.
SECTION I — PRESSURE INJURIES (STAGES 1-4 & DEEP TISSUE) Q1–Q7
1. What are pressure injuries?
CORRECT ANSWER: Injuries or wounds that result from skin deterioration and shearing. Also called pressure
ulcers, decubitus ulcers, or bedsores.
RATIONALE: Pressure ulcers result from unrelieved pressure over bony prominences. High-risk areas: sacrum, heels,
elbows, occiput.
2. What are risk factors for pressure ulcer development?
CORRECT ANSWER: Impaired sensory perception, impaired mobility, alteration in LOC, shear, friction,
moisture.
RATIONALE: Shear occurs when skin moves opposite direction of underlying tissue. Friction is mechanical force of
two surfaces rubbing together. Moisture from incontinence macerates skin.
, 3. Describe Stage 1 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. Intact skin with localized area of
nonblanchable redness.
RATIONALE: Nonblanchable redness indicates tissue ischemia. Treatment: barrier cream and repositioning.
4. Describe Stage 2 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis. Wound bed is viable, pink or red, and
moist. May present as intact or ruptured serum-filled blister.
RATIONALE: Adipose tissue and deeper tissues not visible. Treatment: cleanse with normal saline; hydrocolloid or
hydrogel dressing.
5. Describe Stage 3 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Full-thickness skin loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle
are not exposed. Slough may be present.
RATIONALE: May include undermining and tunneling. Treatment: hydrocolloid, hydrogel, or calcium alginate
dressing.
6. Describe Stage 4 pressure injury.
CORRECT ANSWER: Full-thickness skin and tissue loss with exposed or directly palpable fascia, muscle,
tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone. Slough and/or eschar may be visible.
RATIONALE: Depth varies by anatomical location. Requires specialized wound care and possible surgical
intervention.
7. What is deep tissue pressure injury?
CORRECT ANSWER: Persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration. Indicates damage
of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear.
RATIONALE: May present as a blood-filled blister. Painful, mushy/boggy, warmer or cooler than surrounding tissue.
SECTION II — WOUND HEALING (PRIMARY/SECONDARY/TERTIARY & Q8–
COMPLICATIONS) Q12
8. What is primary intention healing?
CORRECT ANSWER: Surgical closure of skin; tissue surfaces are approximated (closed); minimal or no tissue
loss; formation of minimal granulation tissue and scarring.
RATIONALE: Example: clean surgical incision closed with sutures or staples. Heals quickly with low infection risk.
