NURS 611 MARYVILLE EXAM 4 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension are caused by - (answer)Renal stones
most common type of kidney stone - (answer)Calcium oxalate
Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive - (answer)20-25%
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where? -
(answer)Umbilicus area
The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get stuck in what? -
(answer)The ureters
When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct? - (answer)Urine flow
The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of cardiac output.
The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their normal share of cardiac output but they
sense the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys activate what -
(answer)The RAAS system
With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which is a powerful
peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue
perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the angiotensin with powerful
constrictor properties, so it constricts what? - (answer)Arterioles
When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result? - (answer)Hypertension, so
basically HTN happens due to urinary obstruction
,Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs? - (answer)The older
populaiton
With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because clinically, the main
manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI is what? - (answer)Confusion,
abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population? - (answer)sepsis
Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney interstitium) is what? -
(answer)Pyelonephritis
most common risk factors for pyelonephritis - (answer)Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine
from the bladder.
most common culprit of pyelonephritis - (answer)E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis? - (answer)Because of
proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis - (answer)WBC casts, because they are
only formed in the renal tubules
Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine goes (----) -
(answer)Forward, backward
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow back into - (answer)The
renal pelvis
,What is the renal pelvis? - (answer)is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney, The
renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal pelvis, what happens? -
(answer)it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis is called
what? - (answer)Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics - (answer)UTI, but is non
bacterial. Patients present with UTI and are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do not
improve is the clue it is PBS/IC
Cause of PBS/IC - (answer)Non bacterial infectious cystisis:
- Viral
- Mycobacterial
- Chlamydia
- Fungal
Noninfectious Cystitis:
- Radiation
- Chemical
- Autoimmune
- Hypersensitivity
Which patients do we generally think about when we think about PBS/IC? - (answer)Diabetics
because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten what we think is a UTI and we
keep giving antibiotics again and again, and here it is the third time, we need to think that they
probably have PBS (painful bladder syndrome or also known as interstitial cystitis).
, Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis by clinical
manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be performed? - (answer)Urine culture,
urinalysis, and clinical manifestations
Gold standard indicator of kidney function - (answer)GFR
Normal GFR - (answer)60-120 mL/min
What does a GFR of 15-60 indicate? - (answer)Kidney disease
What does a GFR of less than 15 indicate? - (answer)Kidney Failure
What is a reduced GFR during glomerular disease evidenced by? - (answer)Elevated plasma
urea, creatinine concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance
Includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that
damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane. - (answer)Acute glomerulonephritis
What are some symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - (answer)Hematuria and mild
proteinuria
Severe symptoms of glomerulonephritis - (answer)Edema (due to protein loss in urine) , HTN,
Impaired renal function
Normally, the glomerular capillary filtration membranes are very close to each other, but with
acute glomerulonephritis, what happens is that those membranes become spaced apart due to
what? - (answer)Inflammation, infection, and damage so that proteins (which are huge
molecules) can go through when normally they should not be able to filtrate through such a small
opening.
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension are caused by - (answer)Renal stones
most common type of kidney stone - (answer)Calcium oxalate
Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive - (answer)20-25%
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where? -
(answer)Umbilicus area
The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get stuck in what? -
(answer)The ureters
When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct? - (answer)Urine flow
The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of cardiac output.
The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their normal share of cardiac output but they
sense the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys activate what -
(answer)The RAAS system
With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which is a powerful
peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue
perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the angiotensin with powerful
constrictor properties, so it constricts what? - (answer)Arterioles
When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result? - (answer)Hypertension, so
basically HTN happens due to urinary obstruction
,Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs? - (answer)The older
populaiton
With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because clinically, the main
manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI is what? - (answer)Confusion,
abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population? - (answer)sepsis
Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney interstitium) is what? -
(answer)Pyelonephritis
most common risk factors for pyelonephritis - (answer)Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine
from the bladder.
most common culprit of pyelonephritis - (answer)E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis? - (answer)Because of
proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis - (answer)WBC casts, because they are
only formed in the renal tubules
Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine goes (----) -
(answer)Forward, backward
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow back into - (answer)The
renal pelvis
,What is the renal pelvis? - (answer)is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney, The
renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal pelvis, what happens? -
(answer)it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis is called
what? - (answer)Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics - (answer)UTI, but is non
bacterial. Patients present with UTI and are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do not
improve is the clue it is PBS/IC
Cause of PBS/IC - (answer)Non bacterial infectious cystisis:
- Viral
- Mycobacterial
- Chlamydia
- Fungal
Noninfectious Cystitis:
- Radiation
- Chemical
- Autoimmune
- Hypersensitivity
Which patients do we generally think about when we think about PBS/IC? - (answer)Diabetics
because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten what we think is a UTI and we
keep giving antibiotics again and again, and here it is the third time, we need to think that they
probably have PBS (painful bladder syndrome or also known as interstitial cystitis).
, Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis by clinical
manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be performed? - (answer)Urine culture,
urinalysis, and clinical manifestations
Gold standard indicator of kidney function - (answer)GFR
Normal GFR - (answer)60-120 mL/min
What does a GFR of 15-60 indicate? - (answer)Kidney disease
What does a GFR of less than 15 indicate? - (answer)Kidney Failure
What is a reduced GFR during glomerular disease evidenced by? - (answer)Elevated plasma
urea, creatinine concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance
Includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that
damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane. - (answer)Acute glomerulonephritis
What are some symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - (answer)Hematuria and mild
proteinuria
Severe symptoms of glomerulonephritis - (answer)Edema (due to protein loss in urine) , HTN,
Impaired renal function
Normally, the glomerular capillary filtration membranes are very close to each other, but with
acute glomerulonephritis, what happens is that those membranes become spaced apart due to
what? - (answer)Inflammation, infection, and damage so that proteins (which are huge
molecules) can go through when normally they should not be able to filtrate through such a small
opening.
