NURS 611 MARYVILLE EXAM 4 |200 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
What is primary dysmenorrhea attributed to? - (answer)Excessive endometrial prostaglandin
production.
What causes secondary dysmenorrhea? - (answer)Disorders such as endometriosis, endometritis,
pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumors, ovarian cysts, or IUDs.
What is endometriosis? - (answer)The presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants
outside the uterus.
What are common sites of endometriosis implantation? - (answer)Pelvic peritoneum, ovaries,
uterosacral ligaments, and other areas like the GI tract and lungs.
What are common symptoms of endometriosis? - (answer)Pain, infertility, dysmenorrhea,
dysuria, dyspareunia, constipation, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? - (answer)A condition characterized by irregular
ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
What are the cardinal features of PCOS? - (answer)Hyperandrogenic state and ovulatory
dysfunction.
What role does insulin resistance play in PCOS? - (answer)It aggravates the hyperandrogenic
state and contributes to the severity of symptoms.
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? - (answer)An acute inflammatory process caused by
infection of the upper genital tract.
,What are the consequences of PID? - (answer)Scarring, adhesions, infertility, ectopic pregnancy,
and chronic pelvic pain.
Which infections commonly cause PID? - (answer)Gonorrhea and chlamydia.
What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)? - (answer)A noninflammatory condition caused by an
overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, leading to malodorous discharge.
What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)? - (answer)The descent of the vaginal wall, uterus, or apex
of the vagina.
What are common causes of POP? - (answer)Childbirth trauma, pelvic floor surgery, obesity, and
chronic conditions.
What is a cystocele? - (answer)Descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall into the vaginal
canal.
What symptoms are associated with a cystocele? - (answer)Urination issues, pelvic discomfort,
and frequent UTIs.
What is a rectocele? - (answer)Bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal
canal.
What is an enterocele? - (answer)Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal
septum.
What is ovarian cancer often referred to as? - (answer)The 'silent killer' due to its asymptomatic
nature until late stages.
,What genetic factors are associated with ovarian cancer? - (answer)Mutations in BRCA1 and
BRCA2 genes.
What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer? - (answer)BRCA1 is a tumor-
suppressor gene, while BRCA2 helps repair damaged DNA.
How does a mutation in BRCA1 affect cell proliferation? - (answer)It inhibits or alters its
suppressor function, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
What is a common characteristic of breast cancer in males? - (answer)They are more likely to
have a BRCA2 mutation than a BRCA1 mutation.
What are the main categories of breast cancer risk factors? - (answer)Age, gender, personal and
family history, histologic, genetic, reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, and
environmental factors.
What environmental factors are associated with breast cancer? - (answer)Smoking, increased
alcohol consumption, and obesity.
How does adipose tissue contribute to breast cancer? - (answer)It secretes leptin that promotes
breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cell death signaling pathways.
What lifestyle factor decreases immune function and increases inflammation related to breast
cancer? - (answer)Sedentary lifestyle.
What are the symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) in males? - (answer)Urinary
hesitancy, intermittency, nocturia, and dribbling.
What conditions are associated with lower urinary tract obstructions in males? - (answer)Urethral
stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer.
, What causes most urethral strictures? - (answer)Injury to the urethral mucosa and surrounding
tissues.
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? - (answer)Enlargement of the prostate due to
nodular hyperplasia and glandular cell enlargement, not a premalignant lesion.
What are the risk factors for developing BPH? - (answer)Increasing age, metabolic syndrome,
diabetes, obesity, hypertension, diet, sex hormone levels, and genetic factors.
What is the most common type of prostate cancer? - (answer)Adenocarcinomas, which develop
in androgen-dependent epithelium.
What genetic mutation is associated with the highest risk for prostate cancer? - (answer)BRCA2
mutation.
What are the first manifestations of prostate cancer? - (answer)Symptoms of bladder outflow
obstruction such as slow urinary stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, frequency, nocturia,
and dysuria.
What screening methods are used for prostate cancer? - (answer)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test and digital rectal exam (DRE).
What are the controversies surrounding prostate cancer screening? - (answer)Lack of evidence
that PSA screening or DRE reduces mortality, and concerns about false positives and
overdiagnosis.
What role does testosterone play in erectile dysfunction (ED)? - (answer)Testosterone is critical
for libido and spermatogenesis; deficiency can lead to ED.
What percentage of couples are affected by infertility? - (answer)Approximately 15%.
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
What is primary dysmenorrhea attributed to? - (answer)Excessive endometrial prostaglandin
production.
What causes secondary dysmenorrhea? - (answer)Disorders such as endometriosis, endometritis,
pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumors, ovarian cysts, or IUDs.
What is endometriosis? - (answer)The presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants
outside the uterus.
What are common sites of endometriosis implantation? - (answer)Pelvic peritoneum, ovaries,
uterosacral ligaments, and other areas like the GI tract and lungs.
What are common symptoms of endometriosis? - (answer)Pain, infertility, dysmenorrhea,
dysuria, dyspareunia, constipation, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? - (answer)A condition characterized by irregular
ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
What are the cardinal features of PCOS? - (answer)Hyperandrogenic state and ovulatory
dysfunction.
What role does insulin resistance play in PCOS? - (answer)It aggravates the hyperandrogenic
state and contributes to the severity of symptoms.
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? - (answer)An acute inflammatory process caused by
infection of the upper genital tract.
,What are the consequences of PID? - (answer)Scarring, adhesions, infertility, ectopic pregnancy,
and chronic pelvic pain.
Which infections commonly cause PID? - (answer)Gonorrhea and chlamydia.
What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)? - (answer)A noninflammatory condition caused by an
overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, leading to malodorous discharge.
What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)? - (answer)The descent of the vaginal wall, uterus, or apex
of the vagina.
What are common causes of POP? - (answer)Childbirth trauma, pelvic floor surgery, obesity, and
chronic conditions.
What is a cystocele? - (answer)Descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall into the vaginal
canal.
What symptoms are associated with a cystocele? - (answer)Urination issues, pelvic discomfort,
and frequent UTIs.
What is a rectocele? - (answer)Bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal
canal.
What is an enterocele? - (answer)Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal
septum.
What is ovarian cancer often referred to as? - (answer)The 'silent killer' due to its asymptomatic
nature until late stages.
,What genetic factors are associated with ovarian cancer? - (answer)Mutations in BRCA1 and
BRCA2 genes.
What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer? - (answer)BRCA1 is a tumor-
suppressor gene, while BRCA2 helps repair damaged DNA.
How does a mutation in BRCA1 affect cell proliferation? - (answer)It inhibits or alters its
suppressor function, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
What is a common characteristic of breast cancer in males? - (answer)They are more likely to
have a BRCA2 mutation than a BRCA1 mutation.
What are the main categories of breast cancer risk factors? - (answer)Age, gender, personal and
family history, histologic, genetic, reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, and
environmental factors.
What environmental factors are associated with breast cancer? - (answer)Smoking, increased
alcohol consumption, and obesity.
How does adipose tissue contribute to breast cancer? - (answer)It secretes leptin that promotes
breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cell death signaling pathways.
What lifestyle factor decreases immune function and increases inflammation related to breast
cancer? - (answer)Sedentary lifestyle.
What are the symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) in males? - (answer)Urinary
hesitancy, intermittency, nocturia, and dribbling.
What conditions are associated with lower urinary tract obstructions in males? - (answer)Urethral
stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer.
, What causes most urethral strictures? - (answer)Injury to the urethral mucosa and surrounding
tissues.
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? - (answer)Enlargement of the prostate due to
nodular hyperplasia and glandular cell enlargement, not a premalignant lesion.
What are the risk factors for developing BPH? - (answer)Increasing age, metabolic syndrome,
diabetes, obesity, hypertension, diet, sex hormone levels, and genetic factors.
What is the most common type of prostate cancer? - (answer)Adenocarcinomas, which develop
in androgen-dependent epithelium.
What genetic mutation is associated with the highest risk for prostate cancer? - (answer)BRCA2
mutation.
What are the first manifestations of prostate cancer? - (answer)Symptoms of bladder outflow
obstruction such as slow urinary stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, frequency, nocturia,
and dysuria.
What screening methods are used for prostate cancer? - (answer)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test and digital rectal exam (DRE).
What are the controversies surrounding prostate cancer screening? - (answer)Lack of evidence
that PSA screening or DRE reduces mortality, and concerns about false positives and
overdiagnosis.
What role does testosterone play in erectile dysfunction (ED)? - (answer)Testosterone is critical
for libido and spermatogenesis; deficiency can lead to ED.
What percentage of couples are affected by infertility? - (answer)Approximately 15%.
