C3.2 Defense Against Disease Continued...
-
Phagocyte:engulf & destroy pathogen, two main
type:
neutrophil
+>
+Build the infection &
at site of attack
pathogentMacrophage
+not specific
of
Stage Phagocytosis
1)
Pathogen produce chemical to attract
phagocyte
2) Phagocyte recognise non-human protein on the
pathogen leading to formation of a pseudopodia (antigens)
3)
phagocyte engulf the
pathogen in a vacuole called
phagosome
4)
Phagosome combinedwith a
lysosome to form a
phagolysosome
5) Enzyme from the &
lysosome digest destroy pathogen
Adaptive Immune Response
If
phagocyte unable to control infection,then
+
immune system modify approach
-
=)
lymphocytes
↳ white bloodcells, a main cell-
+B mature bone
lymphocytes in marrow
-
+T
lymphocytes mature in Thymus gland
-
&
Lymphocyte Lymphatic System
+Bone Marrow & Thymus where
lymphocyte mature
+
include
other
lymphoid organs lymph node, spleen, tonsil
&
peyer's patch
lymphocyte travel
through lymph vessel & lymph node as well as
+
bloodvessel
through
,After B-lymphocyte & T
lymphocyte
reaching maturity
the -
migrate
concentratedin
migrate while others
secondary lymphoid
+ Some are
where
organ contains
antigen
it more
How Does immune
system identify pathogens?
Antigens
+All cells have antigen on surface
+Body
can diffrentiate between self & non-self
antigen
antigen
on
pathogens
Antigen trigger
-
immune response which involve production of
antibody
Antibodies:Y
shapedprotein called
immunogloblins binds
that
to
specific antigen that
trigger an immune
response
Made of identical long heavy
2
polypeptide chain called
+
chain which was attached to a shorter, identical
disulfide
lightchain by bridge
1) lock &
key mechanism
2) of
binding site is an area 110
amino acidknown variable
as
region
3) each antibody specific to antigen
each rest of the molecule is
same in
everbocky
H)
ninge region allows flexibility,
meaning two antigen
can bind once
5) antibody binds to
antigen
forms a
antigen-antibody complex
, defend
ways against pathogen
4
antibodies
1) Antibody-antigen complexacts as opsonin (so complex sticks
together
but
is
easily
to find
&
digested)
easier
-
2) Pathogen cannot invade host
cell once
partof antibody antigen complex
-
Antibodies
agglutinins, causing pathogen
acts
3) as to
clump together,
easier for phagocytes to
engulf
) acts as antitoxin, neutralise harmful chemicals
4
types of T lymphocyte
Memory cell-remember specific antigen pathogen
↑
on
T Cell:have
helper CD4
receptor binds
that to the
antigen on
cells
antigen presenting
produce interlenkin, which are cell signalling molecules
Interleukin:
+ Stimulate activity of B cells (increase production)
antibody
of of T cell
+ Stimulate production other types
Attract macrophage to
+
ingest pathogen
-
Phagocyte:engulf & destroy pathogen, two main
type:
neutrophil
+>
+Build the infection &
at site of attack
pathogentMacrophage
+not specific
of
Stage Phagocytosis
1)
Pathogen produce chemical to attract
phagocyte
2) Phagocyte recognise non-human protein on the
pathogen leading to formation of a pseudopodia (antigens)
3)
phagocyte engulf the
pathogen in a vacuole called
phagosome
4)
Phagosome combinedwith a
lysosome to form a
phagolysosome
5) Enzyme from the &
lysosome digest destroy pathogen
Adaptive Immune Response
If
phagocyte unable to control infection,then
+
immune system modify approach
-
=)
lymphocytes
↳ white bloodcells, a main cell-
+B mature bone
lymphocytes in marrow
-
+T
lymphocytes mature in Thymus gland
-
&
Lymphocyte Lymphatic System
+Bone Marrow & Thymus where
lymphocyte mature
+
include
other
lymphoid organs lymph node, spleen, tonsil
&
peyer's patch
lymphocyte travel
through lymph vessel & lymph node as well as
+
bloodvessel
through
,After B-lymphocyte & T
lymphocyte
reaching maturity
the -
migrate
concentratedin
migrate while others
secondary lymphoid
+ Some are
where
organ contains
antigen
it more
How Does immune
system identify pathogens?
Antigens
+All cells have antigen on surface
+Body
can diffrentiate between self & non-self
antigen
antigen
on
pathogens
Antigen trigger
-
immune response which involve production of
antibody
Antibodies:Y
shapedprotein called
immunogloblins binds
that
to
specific antigen that
trigger an immune
response
Made of identical long heavy
2
polypeptide chain called
+
chain which was attached to a shorter, identical
disulfide
lightchain by bridge
1) lock &
key mechanism
2) of
binding site is an area 110
amino acidknown variable
as
region
3) each antibody specific to antigen
each rest of the molecule is
same in
everbocky
H)
ninge region allows flexibility,
meaning two antigen
can bind once
5) antibody binds to
antigen
forms a
antigen-antibody complex
, defend
ways against pathogen
4
antibodies
1) Antibody-antigen complexacts as opsonin (so complex sticks
together
but
is
easily
to find
&
digested)
easier
-
2) Pathogen cannot invade host
cell once
partof antibody antigen complex
-
Antibodies
agglutinins, causing pathogen
acts
3) as to
clump together,
easier for phagocytes to
engulf
) acts as antitoxin, neutralise harmful chemicals
4
types of T lymphocyte
Memory cell-remember specific antigen pathogen
↑
on
T Cell:have
helper CD4
receptor binds
that to the
antigen on
cells
antigen presenting
produce interlenkin, which are cell signalling molecules
Interleukin:
+ Stimulate activity of B cells (increase production)
antibody
of of T cell
+ Stimulate production other types
Attract macrophage to
+
ingest pathogen
