NUR2063 PATHO FINAL EXAM
WITH 260 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Which chemical mediator is released by mast cells to initiate vasodilation?
Histamine.
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
It often involves macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to fibrosis or
granuloma formation.
Which immune cells are most active in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils and platelets.
What is a keloid?
Excessive collagen production forming a raised, nodular scar.
What describes chemotaxis in inflammation?
Migration of neutrophils to injury using chemical signals.
,What happens during tissue healing when connective tissue replaces
damaged tissue?
Scar formation occurs.
What is the result of tissue injury caused by pathogenic microorganisms?
Infection.
What is part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
Intact skin.
What defines the virulence of a pathogen?
The ability to cause disease.
What mechanisms allow viruses to evade immunity?
Latency and antigenic variability.
What can oncogenic viruses cause?
Cancer development due to chronic inflammation and mutation.
Which infection is most strongly associated with cervical cancer?
HPV.
,What term describes a virus that lies dormant within a host cell?
Latency.
What do antigen-presenting cells display to helper T-cells?
Pathogen fragments.
Which immune pathway is crucial for fighting viral infections?
T-cell mediated immunity.
What occurs during a superinfection?
A secondary infection develops due to weakened immunity.
What viruses are associated with chronic infections?
Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-
Barr virus
What is the role of granuloma formation in chronic infection?
Immune cells wall off harmful substances
In a patient with chronic Hepatitis B and cirrhosis, what is the highest risk?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
, What immune response helps clear HPV in a patient with cervical
dysplasia?
T-cell-mediated destruction of infected cells
What can prolonged infection lead to?
DNA mutations and possible cancer
What is cellular proliferation?
The process of cells dividing from a parent cell
What results from unregulated cell growth and loss of differentiation?
Cancer
What gene, when mutated, promotes abnormal cell growth?
Oncogene
Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in cancer?
p53
What are features of malignant tumors?
Poorly differentiated, invasive growth, metastasis
WITH 260 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Which chemical mediator is released by mast cells to initiate vasodilation?
Histamine.
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
It often involves macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to fibrosis or
granuloma formation.
Which immune cells are most active in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils and platelets.
What is a keloid?
Excessive collagen production forming a raised, nodular scar.
What describes chemotaxis in inflammation?
Migration of neutrophils to injury using chemical signals.
,What happens during tissue healing when connective tissue replaces
damaged tissue?
Scar formation occurs.
What is the result of tissue injury caused by pathogenic microorganisms?
Infection.
What is part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
Intact skin.
What defines the virulence of a pathogen?
The ability to cause disease.
What mechanisms allow viruses to evade immunity?
Latency and antigenic variability.
What can oncogenic viruses cause?
Cancer development due to chronic inflammation and mutation.
Which infection is most strongly associated with cervical cancer?
HPV.
,What term describes a virus that lies dormant within a host cell?
Latency.
What do antigen-presenting cells display to helper T-cells?
Pathogen fragments.
Which immune pathway is crucial for fighting viral infections?
T-cell mediated immunity.
What occurs during a superinfection?
A secondary infection develops due to weakened immunity.
What viruses are associated with chronic infections?
Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-
Barr virus
What is the role of granuloma formation in chronic infection?
Immune cells wall off harmful substances
In a patient with chronic Hepatitis B and cirrhosis, what is the highest risk?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
, What immune response helps clear HPV in a patient with cervical
dysplasia?
T-cell-mediated destruction of infected cells
What can prolonged infection lead to?
DNA mutations and possible cancer
What is cellular proliferation?
The process of cells dividing from a parent cell
What results from unregulated cell growth and loss of differentiation?
Cancer
What gene, when mutated, promotes abnormal cell growth?
Oncogene
Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in cancer?
p53
What are features of malignant tumors?
Poorly differentiated, invasive growth, metastasis
