NURl 210/l NUR210l Examl 1l –l Principlesl
ofl Pharmacologyl Guidel |l Galenl (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Stomachl pH
Answer:
-l lessl thanl 5
-l medsl builtl tol bel absorbedl inl veryl acidicl environment
Q:l Firstl Passl Effectl (Metabolism)
Answer:
-l losel somel ofl drug
-l happensl inl liver
Q:l Grapel fruitl &l meds
Answer:
-l ifl patientl isl onl meds,l nol grapel fruit
-l interactsl w/l lotsl ofl meds
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Disintegration)
Answer:
-l Breakdownl ofl orall drugl forml intol smalll particles
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Dissolution)
,Answer:
-l combiningl smalll drugl particlesl withl liquidl tol forml al solution
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Drugl absorption)
Answer:
-l Drugl movementl froml GIl tractl intol bloodstream
Q:l Factorsl affectingl absorption
Answer:
-l Bloodl circulation
-l Pain,l stress,l exercise
-l Foodl texture,l fatl content,l temperature
-l pH
-l Routel ofl administration
Q:l Factorsl affectingl orall medications
Answer:
-l Firstl passl effectl -l liverl -l vial portall vein
-l Bioavailability-l %l ofl administeredl drugl availablel forl activity;l affectedl byl absorptionl
&l firstl passl metabolisml (lessl 100%l isl orall drugs;l 100%l inl IV)
Q:l Factorsl affectingl bioavailability
Answer:
-l Absorption
-l First-passl metabolism
-l Drugl form
-l Routel ofl administration
-l Gastricl mucosal &l motility
-l Administrationl withl foodl &l otherl drugs
,-l Changesl inl liverl metabolism
Q:l Drugl metabolisml (biotransformation)
Answer:
-l Processl ofl bodyl chemicallyl changingl drugl intol forml tol bel excreted
-l Half-lifel (t½)-l timel itl takesl forl amountl ofl drugl inl bodyl tol bel reducedl byl 1/2
-l Loadingl dose-l largel initiall dosel (forl drugsl w/l longl halfl lives)
Q:l Drugl excretionl (elimination)l routes
Answer:
-l Kidneys-l renall functionl tests:l Creatininel (metabolicl byproductl ofl muscle),l BUNl
(metabolicl breakdownl ofl protein),l Glomerularl filtrationl ratel
-l Liverl (bile)
-l Feces
-l Lungs
-l Saliva,l sweat,l breastl milk
Q:l Pharmacodynamics
Answer:
-l Studyl ofl wayl drugsl affectl body
-l Primaryl effect-l Desirablel response
-Secondaryl effect-l Desirable/undesirable
Q:l Therapeuticl index
Answer:
-l ratiol betweenl toxicl &l therapeuticl concentrationsl ofl al drug
Q:l Therapeuticl drugl monitoring
, Answer:
-l Peakl &l troughl (lab)
-l requestedl forl drugsl thatl havel narrowl theraputicl indexl &l arel consideredl toxic
l -l ex.l antibiotics-l Vancomycin
Q:l Peakl drugl level
Answer:
-l highestl plasmal concentrationl ofl al drugl atl al specificl time
-l indicatesl ratel ofl drugl absorption
-l 1hrl afterl antibioticl finished
Q:l throughl drugl level
Answer:
-l usuallyl donel first,l thenl peak
-l lowestl plasmal concentrationl ofl drug
-l measuresl ratel @l whichl drugl isl eliminated
-l drawnl justl beforel nextl dosel ofl drugl regardlessl ofl routel ofl administration
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Onset)
Answer:
-l Timel itl takesl forl drugl tol reachl minimuml effectivel concentrationl (MEC)l afterl admin
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Duration)
Answer:
-l Howl longl al drugl exertsl al therapeuticl effect.
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Receptorl theory)
Answer:
ofl Pharmacologyl Guidel |l Galenl (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Stomachl pH
Answer:
-l lessl thanl 5
-l medsl builtl tol bel absorbedl inl veryl acidicl environment
Q:l Firstl Passl Effectl (Metabolism)
Answer:
-l losel somel ofl drug
-l happensl inl liver
Q:l Grapel fruitl &l meds
Answer:
-l ifl patientl isl onl meds,l nol grapel fruit
-l interactsl w/l lotsl ofl meds
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Disintegration)
Answer:
-l Breakdownl ofl orall drugl forml intol smalll particles
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Dissolution)
,Answer:
-l combiningl smalll drugl particlesl withl liquidl tol forml al solution
Q:l Pharmacokineticsl (Drugl absorption)
Answer:
-l Drugl movementl froml GIl tractl intol bloodstream
Q:l Factorsl affectingl absorption
Answer:
-l Bloodl circulation
-l Pain,l stress,l exercise
-l Foodl texture,l fatl content,l temperature
-l pH
-l Routel ofl administration
Q:l Factorsl affectingl orall medications
Answer:
-l Firstl passl effectl -l liverl -l vial portall vein
-l Bioavailability-l %l ofl administeredl drugl availablel forl activity;l affectedl byl absorptionl
&l firstl passl metabolisml (lessl 100%l isl orall drugs;l 100%l inl IV)
Q:l Factorsl affectingl bioavailability
Answer:
-l Absorption
-l First-passl metabolism
-l Drugl form
-l Routel ofl administration
-l Gastricl mucosal &l motility
-l Administrationl withl foodl &l otherl drugs
,-l Changesl inl liverl metabolism
Q:l Drugl metabolisml (biotransformation)
Answer:
-l Processl ofl bodyl chemicallyl changingl drugl intol forml tol bel excreted
-l Half-lifel (t½)-l timel itl takesl forl amountl ofl drugl inl bodyl tol bel reducedl byl 1/2
-l Loadingl dose-l largel initiall dosel (forl drugsl w/l longl halfl lives)
Q:l Drugl excretionl (elimination)l routes
Answer:
-l Kidneys-l renall functionl tests:l Creatininel (metabolicl byproductl ofl muscle),l BUNl
(metabolicl breakdownl ofl protein),l Glomerularl filtrationl ratel
-l Liverl (bile)
-l Feces
-l Lungs
-l Saliva,l sweat,l breastl milk
Q:l Pharmacodynamics
Answer:
-l Studyl ofl wayl drugsl affectl body
-l Primaryl effect-l Desirablel response
-Secondaryl effect-l Desirable/undesirable
Q:l Therapeuticl index
Answer:
-l ratiol betweenl toxicl &l therapeuticl concentrationsl ofl al drug
Q:l Therapeuticl drugl monitoring
, Answer:
-l Peakl &l troughl (lab)
-l requestedl forl drugsl thatl havel narrowl theraputicl indexl &l arel consideredl toxic
l -l ex.l antibiotics-l Vancomycin
Q:l Peakl drugl level
Answer:
-l highestl plasmal concentrationl ofl al drugl atl al specificl time
-l indicatesl ratel ofl drugl absorption
-l 1hrl afterl antibioticl finished
Q:l throughl drugl level
Answer:
-l usuallyl donel first,l thenl peak
-l lowestl plasmal concentrationl ofl drug
-l measuresl ratel @l whichl drugl isl eliminated
-l drawnl justl beforel nextl dosel ofl drugl regardlessl ofl routel ofl administration
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Onset)
Answer:
-l Timel itl takesl forl drugl tol reachl minimuml effectivel concentrationl (MEC)l afterl admin
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Duration)
Answer:
-l Howl longl al drugl exertsl al therapeuticl effect.
Q:l Pharmacodynamicsl (Receptorl theory)
Answer:
