BIOS 256 EXAM 2
Anatomy & Physiology IV With Lab
Comprehensive Competency Assessment
2026/2027 Academic Year
Total Questions: 50 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ)
Testing Time: 75 Minutes (Computer-Based or Proctored
Written Format)
Passing Score: 75–80% (38–40/50 Correct)
Format: Standard MCQ, SATA, Histological ID, Lab
Data Interpretation, ABG Analysis, Clinical
Correlation
Alignment: HAPS Learning Outcomes, Marieb/Hoehn &
Saladin Textbooks, Chamberlain BIOS 256
Standards
CORE DOMAINS ASSESSED
I. Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology
II. Digestive System Structure & Function
III. Urinary System & Fluid Balance
IV. Acid-Base Balance & Regulation
V. Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology
VI. Laboratory Skills & Histology Correlation
VII. Scenario-Based Application
Source: Marieb & Hoehn: Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th ed.); Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology:
The Unity of Form and Function (9th ed.); Chamberlain University BIOS 256 Course Syllabus; Human
Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Learning Outcomes. Question count and exam specifications
verified per commonly cited BIOS 256 course resources 2026/2027. Always confirm current
requirements with your course instructor or Chamberlain College of Nursing prior to examination, as
exam formats may vary by term.
, ABSTRACT
This document presents the BIOS 256 Exam 2 for the 2026/2027 academic year, comprising 50
multiple-choice questions (MCQ) designed to assess competency in advanced human anatomy and
physiology principles. The examination covers seven core domains: Respiratory System Anatomy and
Physiology (ventilation mechanics, gas exchange, O2/CO2 transport, respiratory control), Digestive
System Structure and Function (GI tract layers, enteric nervous system, digestion and absorption, hepatic
and pancreatic functions), Urinary System and Fluid Balance (nephron function, RAAS, ADH,
micturition, fluid compartments, electrolyte homeostasis), Acid-Base Balance and Regulation (buffer
systems, respiratory and renal compensation, ABG interpretation, anion gap), Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology (gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, ovarian and uterine cycles, fertilization),
Laboratory Skills and Histology Correlation (tissue identification, spirometry, urinalysis, ABG analysis),
and Scenario-Based Application (multi-system clinical correlations with compensatory mechanisms).
Questions are aligned with HAPS learning outcomes, Marieb/Hoehn and Saladin textbook standards, and
Chamberlain University BIOS 256 course competencies. Each item includes a detailed rationale
explaining anatomical relationships, physiological mechanisms, and clinical correlation reasoning.
Keywords: BIOS 256, Anatomy and Physiology, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary
System, Acid-Base Balance, Reproductive System, Histology, ABG Interpretation
CONTENT DISTRIBUTION
Section Domain Questions Count
I Respiratory System 1–10 10
Anatomy & Physiology
II Digestive System 11–20 10
Structure & Function
III Urinary System & 21–30 10
Fluid Balance
IV Acid-Base Balance & 31–38 8
Regulation
V Reproductive System 39–44 6
Anatomy & Physiology
VI Laboratory Skills & 45–48 4
Histology Correlation
VII Scenario-Based 49–50 2
Application
TOTAL 1–50 50
, EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
General Instructions:
• This examination consists of 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) divided across seven core
anatomy and physiology domains.
• Each question has four options (A, B, C, D). Select the single best answer unless the question is
marked as Select-All-That-Apply (SATA).
• The total testing time is 75 minutes. Pace yourself accordingly (approximately 1.5 minutes per
question).
• This is a computer-based or proctored written examination delivered via institutional learning
management system.
Answer Format:
• All correct answers are presented in bold purple (#BC13FE) in the answer key section.
• Each question appears in bold font.
• Rationales explaining anatomical relationships, physiological mechanisms, and clinical
correlations are written in italic font with a light lavender background (#F5EDF9).
Question Types:
• Standard MCQ: Select the single best answer from four options.
• Select-All-That-Apply (SATA): Questions clearly marked with "Select All That Apply:" — identify
all correct statements.
• Histological Identification: Identify tissue types and structures based on microscopic
descriptions.
• ABG Analysis Scenarios: Interpret arterial blood gas values and determine acid-base disorders
with compensation status.
• Clinical Correlation Items: Apply anatomical and physiological principles to clinical scenarios.
SECTION I
Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology
Questions 1–10
Upper vs. Lower Respiratory Tract; Pulmonary Ventilation: Boyle's Law, Inspiratory-Expiratory
Muscles; Gas Exchange: Alveolar-Capillary Diffusion, Fick's Law; Oxygen Transport:
Hemoglobin Saturation, Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve, Bohr Effect; CO2 Transport:
Bicarbonate/Carbamino/Dissolved Forms; Respiratory Control: Medullary/Pontine Centers,
Chemoreceptor Regulation
1. During quiet inspiration, which muscles are the primary drivers of pulmonary
ventilation by increasing thoracic cavity volume?
A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals
C. Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles
D. Internal obliques and transversus abdominis
Correct Answer: B. Diaphragm and external intercostals
Rationale: During quiet inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the
vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity, while the external intercostals elevate the ribs,
increasing the anteroposterior diameter. Internal intercostals (A) are used during forced
expiration. Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles (C) are accessory muscles used only during
forced inspiration. Abdominal and oblique muscles (D) are expiratory muscles. Boyle's Law
dictates that increasing thoracic volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure, drawing air
inward.
2. According to Fick's Law of diffusion, which factor increases the rate of gas exchange
across the alveolar-capillary membrane?
A. Increasing membrane thickness
B. Decreasing the surface area available for diffusion
C. Increasing the partial pressure gradient between alveoli and blood
D. Decreasing the solubility coefficient of the gas
Anatomy & Physiology IV With Lab
Comprehensive Competency Assessment
2026/2027 Academic Year
Total Questions: 50 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ)
Testing Time: 75 Minutes (Computer-Based or Proctored
Written Format)
Passing Score: 75–80% (38–40/50 Correct)
Format: Standard MCQ, SATA, Histological ID, Lab
Data Interpretation, ABG Analysis, Clinical
Correlation
Alignment: HAPS Learning Outcomes, Marieb/Hoehn &
Saladin Textbooks, Chamberlain BIOS 256
Standards
CORE DOMAINS ASSESSED
I. Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology
II. Digestive System Structure & Function
III. Urinary System & Fluid Balance
IV. Acid-Base Balance & Regulation
V. Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology
VI. Laboratory Skills & Histology Correlation
VII. Scenario-Based Application
Source: Marieb & Hoehn: Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th ed.); Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology:
The Unity of Form and Function (9th ed.); Chamberlain University BIOS 256 Course Syllabus; Human
Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Learning Outcomes. Question count and exam specifications
verified per commonly cited BIOS 256 course resources 2026/2027. Always confirm current
requirements with your course instructor or Chamberlain College of Nursing prior to examination, as
exam formats may vary by term.
, ABSTRACT
This document presents the BIOS 256 Exam 2 for the 2026/2027 academic year, comprising 50
multiple-choice questions (MCQ) designed to assess competency in advanced human anatomy and
physiology principles. The examination covers seven core domains: Respiratory System Anatomy and
Physiology (ventilation mechanics, gas exchange, O2/CO2 transport, respiratory control), Digestive
System Structure and Function (GI tract layers, enteric nervous system, digestion and absorption, hepatic
and pancreatic functions), Urinary System and Fluid Balance (nephron function, RAAS, ADH,
micturition, fluid compartments, electrolyte homeostasis), Acid-Base Balance and Regulation (buffer
systems, respiratory and renal compensation, ABG interpretation, anion gap), Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology (gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, ovarian and uterine cycles, fertilization),
Laboratory Skills and Histology Correlation (tissue identification, spirometry, urinalysis, ABG analysis),
and Scenario-Based Application (multi-system clinical correlations with compensatory mechanisms).
Questions are aligned with HAPS learning outcomes, Marieb/Hoehn and Saladin textbook standards, and
Chamberlain University BIOS 256 course competencies. Each item includes a detailed rationale
explaining anatomical relationships, physiological mechanisms, and clinical correlation reasoning.
Keywords: BIOS 256, Anatomy and Physiology, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary
System, Acid-Base Balance, Reproductive System, Histology, ABG Interpretation
CONTENT DISTRIBUTION
Section Domain Questions Count
I Respiratory System 1–10 10
Anatomy & Physiology
II Digestive System 11–20 10
Structure & Function
III Urinary System & 21–30 10
Fluid Balance
IV Acid-Base Balance & 31–38 8
Regulation
V Reproductive System 39–44 6
Anatomy & Physiology
VI Laboratory Skills & 45–48 4
Histology Correlation
VII Scenario-Based 49–50 2
Application
TOTAL 1–50 50
, EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
General Instructions:
• This examination consists of 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) divided across seven core
anatomy and physiology domains.
• Each question has four options (A, B, C, D). Select the single best answer unless the question is
marked as Select-All-That-Apply (SATA).
• The total testing time is 75 minutes. Pace yourself accordingly (approximately 1.5 minutes per
question).
• This is a computer-based or proctored written examination delivered via institutional learning
management system.
Answer Format:
• All correct answers are presented in bold purple (#BC13FE) in the answer key section.
• Each question appears in bold font.
• Rationales explaining anatomical relationships, physiological mechanisms, and clinical
correlations are written in italic font with a light lavender background (#F5EDF9).
Question Types:
• Standard MCQ: Select the single best answer from four options.
• Select-All-That-Apply (SATA): Questions clearly marked with "Select All That Apply:" — identify
all correct statements.
• Histological Identification: Identify tissue types and structures based on microscopic
descriptions.
• ABG Analysis Scenarios: Interpret arterial blood gas values and determine acid-base disorders
with compensation status.
• Clinical Correlation Items: Apply anatomical and physiological principles to clinical scenarios.
SECTION I
Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology
Questions 1–10
Upper vs. Lower Respiratory Tract; Pulmonary Ventilation: Boyle's Law, Inspiratory-Expiratory
Muscles; Gas Exchange: Alveolar-Capillary Diffusion, Fick's Law; Oxygen Transport:
Hemoglobin Saturation, Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve, Bohr Effect; CO2 Transport:
Bicarbonate/Carbamino/Dissolved Forms; Respiratory Control: Medullary/Pontine Centers,
Chemoreceptor Regulation
1. During quiet inspiration, which muscles are the primary drivers of pulmonary
ventilation by increasing thoracic cavity volume?
A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals
C. Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles
D. Internal obliques and transversus abdominis
Correct Answer: B. Diaphragm and external intercostals
Rationale: During quiet inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the
vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity, while the external intercostals elevate the ribs,
increasing the anteroposterior diameter. Internal intercostals (A) are used during forced
expiration. Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles (C) are accessory muscles used only during
forced inspiration. Abdominal and oblique muscles (D) are expiratory muscles. Boyle's Law
dictates that increasing thoracic volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure, drawing air
inward.
2. According to Fick's Law of diffusion, which factor increases the rate of gas exchange
across the alveolar-capillary membrane?
A. Increasing membrane thickness
B. Decreasing the surface area available for diffusion
C. Increasing the partial pressure gradient between alveoli and blood
D. Decreasing the solubility coefficient of the gas
